The History Of Unemployment During Recession Economics Essay

IntroductionThe unemployment rate is one of the cardinal variables that policy shapers are interested in. There are different causes of unemployment and it is really hard for authoritiess to find which causes are most of import and how to cover with Te and causes an inward displacement in the labour demand curve ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . In figure 3, the negative supply daze causes a autumn in the labor market equilibrium from point A to B. At the new equilibrium both existent pay and employment degree falls. This graph besides reflects the effects of oil monetary value daze on the labor market. -Supply Side Factors During recession both concerns and persons tend to retrench their economic belts and this causes negative effects on the degree of production and accordingly demands for labour lessening. Therefore, during recession unemployment turns out to be one of the major jobs on both authorities and society. Some of the unemployment during recession base on supply-side factors like personal movable accomplishments, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility ( occupation accomplishments ) , and geographical mobility ( Adams et al. , 2000 ) . For illustration ; in UK, economic construction is turning to service based from fabricating based economic system ( Parkin, 2012 ) . The chief ground of this structural alteration is globalization and international trade understandings. Harmonizing to Parkin ( 2012 ) , UK has wholly lost its cost advantages in fabricating goods since the cost of production is much cheaper in Eastern Europe states. Structural alterations lead primary and secondary s ector workers lose their occupations and many of them can non happen new occupations since they do n't hold necessary accomplishments for working in service sectors such as fiscal service establishments and information engineering. However, even when economic system is runing at full capacity, there is some unemployment that causes by the supply side factors. This is by and large known as the natural rate of unemployment or equilibrium unemployment ( Blink and Dorton, 2007 ) . The natural rate of unemployment exists when the labor market is in equilibrium ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . In figure 4, the entire labour force ( TLF ) in an economic system and aggregative supply of labor ( ASL ) , which stands for the figure of people who are willing to work at every given pay rate, are presented. The difference between points â€Å" a † and â€Å" B † is natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is the combination of frictional and structural unemployment ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . Frictional unemployment occurs when employees leave their occupations for happening more suited occupation chances in order to fulfill their calling and income outlooks ( Parkin, 2012 ) . While employees are se eking for new occupations, there is ever some frictional unemployment in the economic system. The hapless occupation information may leathem. The two chief types of causes of unemployment can be split as demand-sided and supply-sided. The unemployment has both economic and noneconomic costs ( McConnell and Brue, 2005 ) . The economic costs of unemployment are ; ( I ) lessening in income and end product that is measured in footings of the GNP spread and, ( two ) load of unemployment is non distributed every bit among employees particularly during recession periods ( Petroff, 2002 ) . On the other manus, loss of assurance, societal and political struggles can be counted as some of the noneconomic costs of unemployment ( McConnell and Brue, 2005 ) . Therefore, it is of import to analyze causes and results of unemployment particularly during recession period.Unemployment during RecessionSince Industrial Revolution, the full universe economic system has gained a impulse. This impulse has led to economic enlargement an addition in quality of life. However, this impulse has n't shown continuity. States have experienced many ups and downs in their economic activities since they industrialized. These up and down motions in economic activities or in production degree are known as concern or economic rhythm ( Parkin, 2012 ; Abel et al. , 2008 ) . There are two chief periods of the concern rhythm ( Parkin, 2012 ) ; enlargement and recession. An enlargement is a period which represents an addition in the economic activities and production degree of an economy/country ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . Contrary, recession is an drawn-out clip period when the economic activities and gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) of a state are decelerating or falling down ( Abel et al, 2008 ; Harris, 2002 ) . These activities are including degree of employment, investings, household income, concern net incomes and rising prices rate. In a concern or economic rhythm, recession occurs between extremum and trough points. It is besides known as a concern rhythm contraction. This is represented in the Figure 1. -Causes of Recession: Negative Demand and Supply Shocks Harmonizing to Abel et Al. ( 2008 ) , two chief causes of economic recession are negative aggregative demand daze ( ADS ) and negative sum supply daze ( ASS ) . A negative ADS is a sudden event that decreases the aggregative demand in an economic system ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . There are several grounds for this type of negative daze. It by and large occurs because of tight financial and pecuniary policies ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . Government sets high revenue enhancements and reduces authorities expenditures to diminish the inflationary force per unit areas. On the other manus, these policies can do a autumn in the aggregative demand and as a consequence economic recession takes topographic point. The recession that United Kingdom ( UK ) experienced during 1980-81 was caused by tight financial and pecuniary policies ( Pettinger, 2012 ) . There were high revenue enhancement rates, low authorities outgo, and high involvement rates for cut downing disbursement, ingestion and invest ing. The UK authorities was applied these tight policies for cut downing the inflationary force per unit areas which was formed in the late of 1980 ‘s. Inflation had fallen but the cost of these policies was the economic recession. Classical economic experts suggest that the negative ADS do non do continued fluctuations in end product degree ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . However, they view that a negative ASS is a major ground behind the critical alterations in end product and employment degree ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . A negative supply daze or a negative production daze is an unexpected event that decreases the aggregative supply in an economy/country ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . A negative ASS causes an inward displacement in the long tally sum supply ( LRAS ) curve of an economic system ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . In figure 2, there is an inward displacement in the LRAS curve because of a negative supply daze. It is cut downing full-employment end product from Q1 to Q2 and increase the monetary value degree from P1 to P2. This alteration in the monetary value degree represents that a negative supply daze causes monetary values to lift during the recession. Some of the existent universe illustrations of negative supply dazes are ; alterations in conditions, such as an unexpected cold conditions ; alterations in the construction of industries, such as meeting of two or more dominant companies ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . Sometimes, the dominant providers join together for increasing their market power. By this manner, they can curtail supply and put higher monetary values for doing more net income. The existent universe contemplation of this happened in 1970 ‘s by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) where members were imposed an oil trade stoppage and so increased oil mo netary values. When the oil monetary values rise, houses began to bring forth less since the cost of production was increase independently from aggregative demand. During oil monetary value daze, labour demand, employment and existent pay rate had fallen ( Carlstrom and Fuerst, 2006 ) . A negative supply daze reduces the measure of labor demanded at any given existent pay rad this seeking procedure to take longer than what the employees expected and accordingly employees may lose their motives for happening new occupations. Unemployment benefits are besides a factor that affect the inducement to non to work. Besides, structural unemployment occurs when the construction or production methods of an industry are changed in order to maintain gait with alterations in consumers ‘ gustatory sensations and new production techniques ( Sloman, 2004 ) . Structural unemployment is by and large known as the long-run unemployment since workers must retrain or they may hold to relocate for remaining at their current occupations or happening new occupations ( Parkin, 2012 ) . On the other manus, the fiscal and mental costs of retraining and resettlement lead structural unemployment that contains geographical and occupational stationariness. Housing monetary values are one of the most of import fiscal jobs that cause geographical stationariness. For illustration ; in London, the active capital metropolis life creates more occupation chances than in the North of England, but lodging monetary values and rents are much more expensive than in the North of England. So, some workers may prefer to take un employment benefits and remaining at their vicinities instead than paying high rents or purchasing expensive houses in London. This causes geographical stationariness. An addition in unemployment rate besides increases the load of the authorities. High unemployment means an addition in the entire sum of unemployment benefits that authoritiess have to pay. As a consequence of an addition in unemployment rate, authorities ‘s grosss fall. So, it causes budget shortages. In order to diminish the rate of unemployment, authorities may utilize both supply-side and demand-side policies. The chief purpose of the supply-side constabularies is to do labour force more antiphonal and flexible against the alterations in occupation chances ( Sloman, 2004 ) . However, if there is deficiency of aggregative demand, supply-side policies can be uneffective. Therefore, for accomplishing more effectual consequences authorities can back up supply-side policies by utilizing demand-side policies every bit good as financial and pecuniary policies.DecisionIn recent old ages, recession become one of the major jobs that the full universe economic systems encountered. It is inevitable for authoritiess to take certain steps to find the causes of economic downswing. It can be caused by demand side or provide side dazes. During the recession, unemployment becomes one of the serious jobs because of low degrees of ingestion, demand and investing ( Pettinger, 2011 ) . However, unemployment exists even when economic system is runing at full capacity. Unemployment ne'er becomes zero because of supply-side factors, like ; personal movable accomplishments, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility ( occupation accomplishments ) , and geographical mobility ( Adams et al. , 2000 ) . Structural and frictional unemployment are unemployment types that cause by supply side factors. There are monolithic research attempts to happen out causes of unemployment and how to cover with it. The long permanent effects of unemployment make it an of import job for all economic systems and authoritiess that encourage authoritiess to seek to happen solutions for it sinc e it has economic, societal and political effects.

Finding Nemo

â€Å"Finding Nemo† (2003) written and directed by Andrew Stanton, and Lee Unkrich, is the story of a father-son underwater adventure featuring Nemo, a boy clownfish, stolen from his coral reef home. His timid father must then travel to Sydney and search Sydney Harbour to find Nemo. Animated feature-length films have carved a niche in American culture as a viable and enduring art form. Animated films have offered a glimpse into another world that often could not be shown by any other filmmaking means.Finding Nemo's computer-generated ocean is full of animated characters that are an absolute blast. There is some real-world scenery, but the incredible graphics make it hard to tell what's real and what's not. Disney/Pixar brings to life an ocean full of funny marine life, like forgetful Dory, and Bruce the shark with his buddies, Chum and Anchor. There are these, like, totally cool hang ten turtles that are the raddest bunch of surfer dudes in the ocean. The animation in Finding Nemo is excellent; you would expect nothing less from Pixar.The scenery is dominated by bright blue ocean colors and colourful fish. The animation used cutting edge technology in the production of the movie, which was released in 2003 and the results still delight to this day. Even now when you look back at it, it is still of a very high standard. The animators at Pixar Animation Studios were expected to scuba dive as part of the preparation and production. This enabled them to understand how light is reflected underwater, and to see the interaction of the ocean's inhabitants for themselves.The experience then translated beautifully onto the screen through their realistic portrayal of Nemo's world. Nemo’s underwater masterpieces in my opinion are the greatest achievement in animation. During Marlin’s journey we see one of animation’s most visibly stunning scenes ever, the Jellyfish. As Marlin and Dory approach the trench, Marlin decides to swim over to it agains t the advice Dory shared and quickly forgot. As they swim over the trench, thousands of jellyfish descend into the shot. I was blown away.I found myself staring at what appeared to be a Discovery Channel special on underwater life. (To think I was playing Frogger just 20 years ago and computers can now do this! ) The visual design is a wonder. It's absolutely astonishing how the folks at Pixar are able to top themselves with each new movie. This is an excellent achievement in computer animation. While Disney/Pixar has redefined animation in the past with Toy Story, Toy Story 2, A Bug’s Life, and Monsters, Inc. Now, Pixar is just showing off with Nemo.

Air force fume billboard Essay

Air force fume billboard Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1943 John Garfield, John Ridgley, Gig Young â€Å"The troop of an Air Force† bomber disembark in the Harbor in the outcome of the Japanese assault and is mailed on to Manila to provide a hand with the attack of the Philippines (Suids, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are observable characteristics, which attract customers to the product. Basing our argument on the above film are lifestyles, standards, color, physical appearance, taste, motivations, opinion, and desires. These take account of distinctiveness such as cheerful, preservationist, and safety-cognizant, value-oriented, class-driven. In our case, color attracts ones attention such that the distant-customers move closer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color information is supportive in identifying objective. It can be, sometimes, misleading. One of the tribulations with regard to images is the equivalent objects might have dissimilar colors and intensities when the illumination situation changes or there are dimness. It occurs predominantly often in our assignment. The billboard images for patterns were taken independently in a different circumstance from the unambiguous game in the video progression. However, in the live match dissemination, the lighting condition is diverse and they even revolutionize often during the match (Toyoshima, (2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, there are numerous shadows caused by the players ahead of the billboards. When we to make use of the template color as the sample color and try to come across areas with the related color in the edge. The tolerant level is sky-scraping, a lot of gratuitous area will be incorporated and the diminution in searching area is not very considerable; on the other hand, if the lenient level is low, we have the risk of ignoring the main area. The brightly brown color captures awareness to the customers. The billboards exhibit great advertisements to fleeting pedestrians and even drivers. Characteristically, screening outsized, apparently amusing slogans, and distinguishing visuals. The billboards are exceedingly noticeable in the summit in market places. The bulletins are the leading modern-size billboards. They are located mainly on major highway, expressway and market zones to attract or capture peoples’ attention (Toyoshima, 2008)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, imagery as a stylistic device applies during advertisement. For instance, â€Å"AIR FORCE† here implies war. This is the war of the crew against the Japanese as explained on synopsis. This type of film designed in such a way that it entails different styles. Since it is in a class of luxury has to be standard and specially designed to reach the test of customers. Primarily a good copy communicates to the ideal clients. In this case, the copy creates a great physical impression to the customers. In so doing more, sales are systematical done due to its unique appearance on the customers’ eyes (Suid, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addition to that, customers like a description on the product in the market. Therefore, the synopsis contained on the copy gives customer detailed-evidence information in the copy. Furthermore, copywriter includes power words, which are very patting to the clients. ssOccasionally, these words are termed as power words which a very influential to the customer. They are advisable to apply in the language. In the above copy, â€Å"AIR FORCE† is an example of power words. Edges are very noteworthy illustration features in image processing. They are the points with high passion contrast and portray margins of objects contained in an image. Using periphery information of a copy also significantly condenses the amount of data while preserving the essential structural properties of an image. This gives a good impression to sight hence encouraging more purchases (Toyoshima, 2008). References Suid, L. H. (1996). Sailing on the silver screen: Hollywood and the US Navy. Annapolis, Md: Naval Inst. Press. Suid, L. H. (2002). Guts & glory: The making of the American military image in film. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Toyoshima, Y. (2008). Japanese movie billboards: Retro art from a century of cinema. Tokyo, Japan: DH Publishing Inc. Source document

Transport and cultural geography of London Essay

Transport and cultural geography of London - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that London developed the first underground railway in the world. The Metropolitan Company financed the construction of the railway that became the first to use electric engines for propulsion. Besides, the company built an escalator at Earls Court and Holloway. The underground train exists to date carrying 1.07 million passengers annually. The London underground tunnel hosts animals from deer to grass snakes. About half a million mice also dwell in these tunnels. The mosquitoes inhabiting the tunnels have evolved into a unique species for its insatiable biting. London now has seven major railway stations covering long distances. Â  Recent developments in London Heathrow airport make it the world’s busiest airports. The airport services both local and international travels. Heathrow airport has underground station served by an underground railway connecting the airport to Central London. Taxis are also available outside the airport. London also has 24 bridges over river Thames such as the Tower Bridge built in 1894. The London transport museum hosts all the developments in transportation beginning first inventions. The Roman settlers were the first to settle permanently in London. The World War II destroyed a large part of London. London has 7.5 million residents as indicated by the 2007 census. The population consists of people from different cultures and religions. The main geographical feature in London is Thames River, which runs through the city from east to southwest.

Ashes by Edvard Munch and Abstractoin by Juan Gris Essay

Ashes by Edvard Munch and Abstractoin by Juan Gris - Essay Example The mural print is a depiction of a man and a woman in a forest that is dusky. The atmosphere in the picture is relatively gloomy filled with both hopelessness and despair. The trees and the existence of a man and a woman can be interpreted to be a form of a romantic adventure. However, the adventure may have been crippled by a misfortune. The woman has her hands on her red, long hair while standing at the center of the picture. The frowned face is filled with desolation and despair while the direction of her eyes is towards the audience (viewer). Apparently, she is regretting something. On the other hand, the man has his hand on his head while sitting on the left corner of the picture. The tone of his face is apparently not only sickly but also green. In fact, the man appears to be so hopeless that his pace can’t face the viewer. The dress that the woman has on her is white and it is half unbuttoned. Inside the white dress, one can glimpse at the red undergarment . The colors depicted in Munch’s work can be interpreted in several ways. According to my interpretation, white is used to represent innocence of the woman in question while the red one can be a symbol of either love or passion or even romance. As for black, which is normally associated with negativity, symbolizes either death or sorrow. The green painting on the man’s face expresses a disturbed state of the mind and a sad mood. Interestingly, a clear look at the picture using high definition quality glasses indicates that there is lack.

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUS WK4 HOMEWORK - Essay Example In such a devastating situation, it is imperative that the company pays great attention at how to inform the world about the catastrophe. If this situation was not handled then the audience of the company which is enormous as it includes the whole world, would see the company in a much worse light. The company has to release the information in two ways; first they would have to break the news to the families of the workers and secondly the company’s employees and then to the media. The company has to be extra cautious in choosing the representatives who will handle these releases. They have to make sure that their reputation is kept intact and at the same time the information provided is honest and precise. This adversity affected a lot of people. It was not only the 33 miners in the mine who were affected;the families of those workers were also hurt. The anguish that their families had to go through was no doubt too much. They waited to hear any news about their loved ones an d worried whether they would make it out alive. Chilean Copper Mine was responsible of keeping the families continuously up to date on the rescue mission and what was being done to help the miners in the best possible way to save them. This process of communication is extremely important. The employees of the company also need to be kept informed about the situation because they need to know what the company they work for can do in order to protect them and how serious they are about their workers. This means of communication has to be really effective; it will have to give all the information to them as well as make them feel that the company does care about its employees and that they are all united in this situation. Communication has a meaning to every person in a situation. A crucial point of an effective communication is mutual understanding of the information. It involves the shared concern of the thoughts, feelings, needs, wants and intentions of the communicators (Krizan, 2 011). If the message is sent through mail or memo or a video, the message has to be sent using a proper tone. In the case of the trapped miners, the overall tone when sending the message across has to be considerate and consoling in order to maintain calm. The families of the affected should be informed verbally through a video. Providing this information through writing will not be enough. Draft 1: I would like to address the family members of the ‘33’ as per company protocol. The main message that I want to communicate is of patience and being positive. The journey has no doubt been very long and stressful especially without enough resources. The company has now directed towards other ways to proceed with the rescue. This includes consideration of all types of safety aspects to ensure that the miners come back to the surface with full health and conditions and rejoin their families. The company completely understands the concerns of the families and will address them. It would be difficult to present all the information so we will sum up the most significant points of the rescue plans for this accident. The most essential thing for us is the well-being of the affected; we will make sure that all of them will reemerge to a normal life. Draft 2: The Chilean Copper Mine cave that has trapped 33 of our employees is indeed a tragic incident. We are very well

Network Infrastructure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Infrastructure - Term Paper Example For instance, if an asset requires a security control that costs more than the asset value, the controls are discarded and alternate cost justified countermeasures are implemented to ensure all identified vulnerabilities are addressed and taken care of. Furthermore, the justified cost along with the appropriate use of technical excellence, network configuration, network products, security appliances, applications, and support will deliver value to the organization. For ensuring business continuity, redundant data connectivity links and alternate configurations are performed within each connectivity hub for addressing network service downtimes. For addressing network scalability, next generation network (NGN) supported hardware is considered for ensuring significant cost savings. Therefore, due to all these benefits, stakeholders can trust us for value delivery and better Return on Investment (ROI) for the budgeted amount. DNS Scheme For a new DNS scheme, a new zone should be configur ed on the internal DNS server that may resemble every domain of the organization. Likewise, configuring the zone on the internal DNS will allow the network administrator to manage and make it redundantly distinct. The configuration of the following zones must be performed: Woodgrovebank.com Asia.woodgrovebank.com Emea.woodgroovebank.com However, for addressing the requirement of establishing zones on external DNS server, only one domain will be configured, i.e. woodgrove.com, as it is the only domain that maintains and holds external records. Moreover, a replica of domain DNS zone will be maintained at every hub site. However, the central hub site for each domain will maintain a replica of DNS zones of other domains. Hub Site Zones New York WoodgroveBank.com Emea.WoodgroveBank.com Asia.WoodgroveBank.co

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Summary - Essay Example We were all very supportive of the project and admire the hard work involved throughout this process. I believe that Jean worked well and thoroughly to bring this topic and potential improvement program to life. Alexis posted her work, as well, Jean posted some recommendation she thought would benefit Alexis. Alya and Rhett, also, added some very constructive commentary to the posting. Overall, I believe that Alexis has provided strong evidence of the importance of this issue and that her strong approach and very focused approach represents a great potential for her suggested program to succeed. Ayla’s approach, in the posting, was incredibly well resourced and clearly provides a wonderful example the ability of groups with programs like this, which may, be effective in similar ways all over the world. The rest of the team added some interesting suggestions that were supportive of the goal. Rhett’s posting was well focused and relevant, as was Nasreen’s. Rhettâ⠂¬â„¢s was well grounded and informative and Nasreen’s gave a thorough regard to how to help solve the problem at the core of her work. The team showed great effort and positivity in providing helpful, beneficial, constructive criticisms that only improved the wonderful work being presented. This team endeavor has been a fantastic experience and everyone who participated gave total commitment. I am unbelievably pleased with the

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Laws and HRM Strategy - Essay Example HRM strategy refers to a particular approach that is used in the management of human resources with the aim of providing a strategic framework to support short and long term strategies of an organization (Dessler, 2010). Employment law is one of the essential functional areas that provide organizations with the foundation for effective development of workforce that will support the organizational goals and objectives (Moran, 2007). In order to have a better understanding of the subject of employment laws and HRM strategy, this essay will apply the employment laws of the Virginia State to one of the HRM strategy problems. In particular, the essay will apply the employment laws of the Virginia State on the HRM strategy problem of introduction of new technology for employees who may experience physical limitations. The subject of physical limitations of employees is one of the most comprehensive in the employment laws in the United Constitution. This issue is covered under the Americans with Disability Act (ADA), as well as under the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) (Walsh, 2012). The ADA is designed to protect the rights of people with physical limitations including in the employment environment. This Act provides framework within which people with physical limitations can fully access and participate in all aspects of employment. It requires that employers should provide facilities and means through which employees with disability can access and participate in activities with as little difficulty as possible. The Act requires that the employer should do enough to remove the barriers that might deny people with disability with equal opportunity in accessing and using the facilities and services within an employment set up (Dessler, 2010). The provisions of the ADA are enforced by t he U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The employment laws related to this subject prohibits employers against discrimination of any kind to

Problem Definition at Kudler Fine Foods Case Study

Problem Definition at Kudler Fine Foods - Case Study Example With the reasonable success of its first three stores, Kudler desires to expand into other locations in Southern California as well as in San Francisco. It is also planning to expand its products and services offerings with the addition of coffee & tea, a fish counter, and a deli, as well as more aggressively market its catering services. In order to target high-end areas in other cities, Kudler plans to launch an internet website that will eventually have e-commerce capabilities. Several issues have been identified in Kudler's current operations that need to be addressed before it can successfully achieve its future goals. Currently, it deals mainly in perishable goods which require extremely accurate forecasting of inventories so as not to incur losses. Kudler employs some relatively highly paid specialty personnel such as the butcher, the baker and the wine steward, and finding qualified people for a new store or to replace those who leave is difficult, especially so, since Kudler's pay is a bit below average. Kathy Kudler and her small management team may not be able to handle additional stores in farther locations, if their management approach is not adjusted to this situation, which limits their plans for expansion. The Del Mar location is not doing too well and needs to be addressed. Another gourmet shop opening within Kudler's current market areas would definitely pose a threat. And since, Kudler's gourmet products are pricey, an economic decline in i ts geographic area would definitely hurt Kudler. Problem/Opportunity Taking economic decline as the issue in question, this problem can only be solved by preparing for such an eventuality. According to Joseph Ellis (2005), a Goldman Sachs partner, economic cycles or periods of advancing and slowing are the rule and there are 4 stages of economic downturn: the peak, a modest slowing, intensifying worrying, and the advent of recession. Therefore, preparations to help minimize the threat of an economic decline are always worth undertaking so as not to be caught off-guard when it actually happens. Actions to hedge the disadvantageous effects of an economic decline can present opportunities. Kudler needs to carefully choose locations where it will set up additional stores, like identifying high-growth areas where profitable business operations could be better forecasted. These new locations may be in geographically dispersed areas, therefore the need to take a new management approach for managing more widely dispersed operations needs to be considered. Th e introduction and aggressive marketing of new products and services (such as online selling and catering) in its stores not only enhances Kudler's business viability but will also increase customers' patronage of Kudler as it expands into more stores. In the event of an economic decline in a certain geographic location, Kudler would be able to handle its negative effects because of the increased number of profitable stores operating, while actions are being undertaken to relocate a distressed store. End-State Goals The end vision for Kudler consists of several goals that would have

Idealism as an approach in international politics is simply naivety, Essay

Idealism as an approach in international politics is simply naivety, do you agree - Essay Example The synchronization of the local and international policies can lead to improved success and ease of integration. Idealism is based on personal values are integrated into social values (Connelly & Panagakou, 2010, p. 56). In spite of having the best values and approach in domestic issues, idealism has failed to the replicated in the global arena because of the difficulty in transforming the values. The concept of idealism has not been effective in handling the global conflicts based on several issues affecting countries. The capitalistic nature of countries has made the challenge extremely difficult. Countries currently focus on what will benefit them and not on idealistic values. The creation of allegiance between countries is based on country’s interest and not values (Tomuschat, 2010, p. 45). For instance, the continual negativity and difference in stance between Russia and America is a product of interests and not values. These interests affect the development of values an d principles guiding the countries. Since the development of the concept of idealism, several issues affected the society that in turn influenced the social values. Failure of idealism The failure of idealism can be linked with the events after the First World War because it failed to capture the issues affecting society. In fact, the postwar issues were not addressed by the idealism present by the international policy. The failure to address the relationship status of the countries affected the nature of international development, which in turn affects the countries around the world. Idealism is dependent on personal and state values and policies which depended on the interest of the nation (Podany, 2010, p. 136). During the First World War, it is estimated that over sixty million civilian and military causalities which led to the development of a new political theory. According to idealist theory, a lasting peace is constructed around the elimination of war. The argument of the id ealist is that the war was caused by defects in the process of real politics. The result of the ideology is the creation of the new organization called The League of nations. The League of Nations was an international organization focusing on control and moderation of the individual states’ actions against each other. The approach was supported by the initiation of international treaties (Perkins, 2013, p. 113). The aim of the international government was to limit weapons while maintaining collective security and renouncing the use of war as a national policy. The League of Nations did not achieve success because after the First World War, the Second World War occurred and the development of other inter-nation aggression and war. The failure indicated the non-relevance of the idealist approach employed after the First World War. Human reason as a basis of idealism Idealism relies on human reason as the foundation of its development. The philosophical basis of the Wilsonâ€⠄¢s peace law was borrowed from Bentham’s idea, which was developed a century earlier. The placement of faith in the power of reason, public opinion, individual liberty and social openness as the key values to the idealistic principles led to failure. The concept rejected secret negotiations and alliances which is a prevalent feature in the current international relations. The main principle was the reliance on the human reason (Tomuschat, 2010, p. 13). Human reason allows an

Working Parents Have Problem Children Essay Example for Free

Working Parents Have Problem Children Essay A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority† [1] is the definition of child in Oxford dictionary. The world’s population is estimated to 7 billion with 2 billion children. [2] Turkey has a population of 73,722,998 and including approximately 22.6 million (30.7 %) children.[3] They have an important slide of the population and they are the adults of future. However, as recent conditions are required working more, there exist psychological problems of children with working parents. In this proposal it is intended to investigate the psychology of children with working parents and the possible solutions to influence the psychology of the children with working parents positively by evaluating alternatives. 2. Problem Definition The researches alert that the children with working parents have some psychological and health problems. The study of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality examines that child’s risk of having overnight hospitalizations, asthma episodes, and injuries or poisonings, a 200 percent increase if child has a working mother.[4]The NICHD Study of Early Child Care reports that a small minority of children ( 16%) who spent 30 [continues] Here are a few ways that children suffer. 1. Lack of Income. One out of five experience various degrees of poverty even in wealthy areas. An ever increasing number of families are poor because both parents are working at low-paying, dead end jobs with no benefits. The results: Kids cannot have things they want and need such as pets, clothes, and school events. They hear mom and dad argue about finances. Low quality daycares that do not meet the needs or provide a safe environment for children. 2. Lack of Interest. We all want what is best for our kids. To some parents, that means providing a better and more comfortable life. They think the only way to have the lifestyle desired is for both parents to work. They forget that what matters more to kids is when their parents show interest in THEM. When both parents work, they usually have less time for their children. The results: Parents miss their childrens events, such as games, recitals, and everyday life. Children do not feel loved. (Love is spelled T-I-M-E). Kids misbehave, just striving to get some kind of attention. In time, it turns to complete rebellion. 3. Lack of Influence. Someone is grooming our kids. If we as parents are not grooming them for success, we are dooming them for failure. If both parents work, kids cannot come to their parents for help with lifes problems. They look to outside sources for guidance. The results: Children look to the media which is filled with violence and vanity. Children look to their peers, which may have their own social problems. Children look to escape through drugs, improper relationships, and other harmful things. Children will probably suffer a lot when they are young (below 12 years old) and both parents are at work. This is because they are not old enough to take care of themselves. They need their parents’ support, both mentally and physically. If parents neglect the growth of their children, it is quite possible that their children will

Automobile industry in Malaysia and India

Automobile industry in Malaysia and India Firstly, International Business is the performance of trade and investment activities that have been done by firms across national borders when it takes place between two or more countries. It is also known as cross-border business. Individual firms, governments and international agencies are involved in the international business transactions. The assets that exchange by firms and nations mostly are physical and intellectual assets which including products, services, capital, technology, know-how and labor. Moreover, international business gives us the opportunity to access the products and services from all around the world and it could profoundly affects the quality of life and the economic of the country (Cavusgil et al. 2008). DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION The definition of globalization is the deepening relationship and broadening interdependence among people from different parts of the world, and especially among different countries (Daniels et al. 2007). The categories that involves in globalization are technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. Besides that, there are two types of integration which is negative integration and positive integration. Negative integration could refer to barriers between countries being removed such as tariffs and quotas while positive integration could refer to standardizing international economic laws and polices (The non-hub story 2010). MULTINATIONAL COMPANY (MNC) Multinational Company (MNC) also known as Multinational Corporation is the most important type of the focal firm. It is a direct resource with the various business activities that which is through the subsidiaries and the affiliates that which located in the multiple countries. MNC has its own worldwide of the network and it has corporate with the numerous of the suppliers and the independent business partners of the abroad. MNC is among of the leading participants and many small and medium-sized enterprises participate as well. Multinational company can be categories into 3 elements which is horizontally integrated multinational corporations, vertically integrated multinational corporations and diversified multinational corporations. Horizontally integrated multinational corporations Corporations that manage production establishments in different countries that produces similar products. Vertically integrated multinational corporations Manage production establishment in certain countries to produce products as input to its production establishment in other countries. Diversified multinational corporations Production Establishment is either horizontally or vertically integrated. HISTORY OF HONDA Honda is the worlds largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959 and the worlds largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. It is established by Soichiro Honda in 1948. Due to the World War II, Soichiro Honda developed and produced small 2-cycle motorbike engines. It is because during that time Japan was facing gasoline storage and they needed inexpensive transportation that need less gasoline (The non-hub story 2010). Now, the ranking of Honda in automobile manufacturer around the world is number sixth. The first Japanese automobile manufacturer that releases a dedicated luxury brand is Honda. Besides that, Honda is also producing lawn and garden equipment, tillers, robotics, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators. The headquarters of Honda is located at Minato, Tokyo, Japan (Wikipedia 2010). Macro-environment for automobile industry in host country (PEST analysis): Firstly, the automotive sector is an important yet complicated sector. However, they could use PESTLE analysis to help them in making strategies. PESTLE analysis is a tool that can help organizations making strategies by letting them know about the external environment so they could plan their operate time whether they want to operate now or operate in the future. PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and environment. Political The people will see a continued progress in the ruinous steps which have forced the industry into a social politico economic corner. Whether this is related to flat demand or to the industrys creation of an ever-wider range of vehicles that many buyers seem to care little about, there is a problem. The manufacturing is like linked approach to the policies of governments, the earnings of banks. Little wonder then that so many emerging countries are keen to develop an auto sector or that there is such a political pressure to protect it in the developed countries. The worlds vehicle industry is currently dominated by little more than a handful of firms, each wielding colossal financial, emotional and political power. The manufacturing closely to dealing with political institutions has not always been bright. It tends to be good on technical issues, although it has not always fully presented the longer-term options, but in order to make the choices and their clear. Economic For much of the developed world, and increasingly for the developing world, the automotive industry is a pillar industry, a flag of economic progress. Without an automotive industry, it is impossible to develop an efficient steel business, a plastic industry or a glass sector other central foundations of economic progress. The automotive industry has been a core industry, a unique economic phenomenon, which has dominated the twentieth century. However, the industry now suffers from a series of structural schisms and has become riddled with contradictions and economic discontinuities. For the capital markets and the finance sector, it has lost a lot of its significance, as a result of ever declining profits and stagnant sales. The proliferation of products means that it has become hopelessly wasteful of economic resources. While all these and more sound like a very gloomy assessment of such a vast economic phenomenon, the industry is not in the end despondent. A different future is p ossible for the industry, a highly desirable one. Social The worlds automotive industry affects the society as a whole. It employs millions of people directly, tens of millions indirectly. Its products have transformed society, bringing undreamed-of levels of mobility, changing the ways people live and work. The social value of the additional mobility that this industry brings involves the value of the people being able to commute over longer distances easily, among many others. For most of its existence the motor industry has been a model of social discipline and control and it is not just that the auto sector offers a pillar of something else. There are, on the other hand, particular social issues to address in many developing countries, often those that are the result of an undertone of religious faith. The automotive industry has the role to play in helping develop the mobility of such countries and it can be achieved at an acceptable social cost of the country is prepared to learn the necessary lessons from those who have traveled thi s route before it, and to make the necessary investments. Technological The automotive industry works on a scale so awesome and has an influence so vast that it is often difficult to see. The level and diversity of technologies that it must deploy are increasing, which imposes both new investment burdens and new uncertainties and risks. Roughly a million new cars and trucks are built around the world each week they are easily the most complex products of their kind to be mass-produced in such volumes. The industry uses manufacturing technology that is the cutting edge of science. But still, the potential for developing coordination skills, intellectual capabilities and emotional sensitivities through electronic technologies remain far from fully exploited. There are numerous additional near-term technological opportunities to adapt the automobile to changing energy availability. The possibilities suggest that automotive technology is unexpectedly robust and provides a powerful defence against energy starvation even if the real price of oil climbs steadi ly during the next couple of decades. Legal The automobile industry is subject to numerous technical directives and regulations, as well as legislation of a more legal nature. The legislation covers areas such as competition law, intellectual property law, consumer protection and taxation, and emissions (air quality and fuels). When the auto parts industry reached full development, accelerated technological efforts were made to create a web of local suppliers that would make it possible to meet the growing legal requirements for the national integration of production. Environmental Other than the vehicles themselves, and the roads and fuel needed to run them; the business is intricately tied to the manufacture of a wide range of components and the extraction of precious raw materials. Indirectly, it brings people road congestion, too many fatalities and a wave of other environmental troubles. The effect to the automotive companies are that they needed to establish RD centres to take advantage of research infrastructure and human capital, so that they can develop vehicle products locally to satisfy the requirements of the environmental and safety regulations more effectively. PEST of Honda in Malaysia Political Malaysia is a developing country. From the year 1960 to 1971, the countrys economy was dependent on farming and primary commodities such as rubber and tin. Nowadays, Malaysia is a middle-income country with a multi-sector economy. The GDP growth rate was 5.8% in 2006 and 5.9% in 2007. Domestic demand and dynamism in exports are the main reasons for the economic constancy in Malaysia. Malaysias economic is now depending on industry, agriculture, and services sector, which contributes nearly 115% to the GDP at 2007. Along with the research, Malaysia is one of the worlds main exporters of vehicle parts, accessories and components and to Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, Japan and UK. The automobile parts industry in Malaysia is maintaining the high reputation among their valuable customers locally and also in other country. Engineering capabilities, industrial master plans, and technology advancements are the main factors for the high reputation. The demand for Malaysias automobil e parts are continually increasing, especially among major automobile companies like Mercedes, Mazda, Ford, General Motors, Suzuki, Nissan and Mitsubishi. Besides that, there are 343 automobile parts manufactures in Malaysia. Is up until now, RM 8.2 billion was invested by automotive components and parts manufactures in auto parts industry (MSC, 2007). Economics Malaysia is dedicated to fulfill its multilateral commitments under WTO and AFTA and has taken steps to liberalize its duty structure. Other measures have been taken as well. Since 2001, the equity policy for the automobile sector has been relaxed to allow up to 51% foreign equity on a case by case basis. Besides that, in Malaysia manufacturers and assemblers are currently free to multi-source from the most competitive suppliers globally, uninhibited from local content policy requirements (ELM, 2007). Social Malaysias population was estimated at 25.2 million in 2007, every years growth rate of 1.7 percent. More than 60 percent of the population in Malaysia is Malays and other is Indians (8 percent) and Chinese (32 percent). Approximately 44 percent from the total population is consider to be trained or skilled workers with basic qualifications or higher. Malaysians employees work a minimum of 48-hours per week and also have more holidays compared with China. Until now, the labors costs are still relatively standard compare with other countries in Asia, including Vietnam and China. In addition, Malaysians salary can be divided into two types: one is monthly minimum wages and the other is average wage for an employee in the manufacturing industry (Kiat, 2008). Technological Malaysias infrastructure is good and presents considerable benefits to automobile supply chain operation. Malaysia has 80,328-km road network, highways, and main roads. This mode of transport represents 90% of the goods and passengers traffic in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia has rail network of more than 2,000 km, mainly located in Kuala Lumpur and along the coast of the Strait of Malacca. The railway service in Malaysia is continuously improving by the government. Such as KTM and LRT. Besides that, there are three main ports and two airports in Malaysia currently growing in terms of exports. Such as KLIA and LCCT. (Kiat, 2008). PEST ANALYSIS OF INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY : Political Indian government had launched the auto policy for its Self Sustained growth. The government also allowed the foreign equity investment up to 100% formulation of fuel policy to promotes for vehicles propelled by AES Economic The tax wills deductions up to 150% for in house RD activities. Reduce the interest rates for export financing. Economy of India has grown over 8.5% per annum for last 5 years. The industry sector has grown 8-10 % for last few years. More than 90% CV purchase is on credit. Social The social changed lifestyle of people leads to increased purchase of Automobiles. The Average family size is 4 which make it favorable to buy a four wheeler. 4th largest economy on purchasing parity index increase in per capital income levels. The Indian customers are highly educated and well informed and they are price sensitive. They choice for small and compact car preference for Fuel efficient cars with low maintenance. Technological Technology is more and more emphasis on RD. The government is promoting the NATRIP (National Automotive testing and RD Infrastructure Project) to support the growth of Auto industry in India. Customized solutions can be provided with proliferation of technology. To entry of global brands both product and production process has been improved. ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO HONDA Movement of capital If the companys capital flows around different countries, the production base of a developing economy would get to enhance. Then, it could enable savings for the entire globe and exhibited high investment potential. It is very important for the country which developing their economy. Developing countries would prefer more on foreign direct investment rather than portfolio investment because portfolio investment does not have a direct impact on the productive capacity expansion. Brand awareness Honda will become more famous when they globalize their company. It will create the opportunity to let the public know more about this company. For example like what is the item that selling in the company, where is their headquarters and etc. Since Honda is producing variety of items, it will be better for public to know the details about this company. Technology When Honda has been globalized, the brand awareness of Honda will definitely increase so it could attract more specialist or industry people who wanted to join their company and create new items with them. Besides that, it could help to improve the technology of the world. It is because whenever Honda had come out with a new item, they will sell or share it in all around the world. Therefore, even though the country does not create that item, they also have the opportunity to use it. So it means that the technology of the world will be increasing. Reduce global warming Honda had produced Hybrid vehicles in order to solve our earth problems like reduce the air pollution and the amount of petroleum which is getting lesser and lesser. Hybrid vehicles are encouraged to use by public as it could at least help out a little for our earth to reduce the global warming issues. STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION Build new office or factory In order to create Honda awareness, Honda should build more office and factory at other area where Honda does not have any office or factory at there. It could make the public to have more working opportunity and at the same time they will more understand about Honda. Besides that, Honda could also try to export their produced items to other potential country which they have not export any of their items to that country in order to create awareness. New recruitment In order to create more and more technology items, Honda should hire more specialists or people who familiar with this industry to join Honda. It is because when they create new technology item, it will make our life easier. For example, Honda had created the ASIMO robot to assist us with our daily life. It can also help the people who are not convenience to move around or disable person to do those daily tasks such as pour water, sweep the floor and etc. Create variety of items In order to reduce the global warming problem and at the same time can satisfy the customers needs, Honda have to create variety of items for them to choose. Therefore, everyone will use their items and help to save our environment. It can benefit both sides which is Honda and the earth environment. It is because if Honda really does that then Honda could earn the profit while the environment is getting protected with lesser pollution. For example, Honda could design more Hybrid vehicles in order public could have more choices to choose when they choosing Honda Hybrid vehicles.

Sense of Community Among University Students | Research

Sense of Community Among University Students | Research The study is primarily aimed at identifying level of sense of community among students who enrolled in the psychology and social work programmes at Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. It was also carried out to investigate whether there were relationships between a sense of community and altruistic behaviour, academic achievement, age, and students involvement in club or organizational activities. One hundred and fifty one students participated in this study. A questionnaire that comprised of three sections was adapted and further developed to measure the schools sense of community, altruistic behaviour scale, and demographic background of the sample. In this study, membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection as proposed by McMillan and Chavis (1986) are the subscales for the measurement of sense of community. Rushtons (1981) Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRAS) was used to measure altruistic behaviour. Furthermore, the study attemp ted to compare the level of sense of community between programmes, gender, ethnicity, and year of study. Age was the only variable found to be correlated with a sense of community. There was no difference found between any of those variables studied. INTRODUCTION The aim of this research was to analyse the university students sense of community, or their perception towards their school community, which focused on issues pertaining to how much the students perceive the bond between them and the school and its surroundings. Further, the study aimed at identifying whether or not their perception correlated with altruistic behaviour. The concept of a sense of community as popularly cited in the literature stemmed from Saransons (1974) idea concerning the perception of similarity to others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain this interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them, the feeling that one is part of a larger dependable and stable structure. Saranson (p. 157) further adds that the psychological sense of community is one of the major basis of self-definition. Charvat (2004) states that a sense of community is a complex phenomenon because of the fact that the definitions vary from one individual to the next, and from time to time. For example, the Child Development Project at the Development Studies Center in Oakland has defined a sense of community as the students experience of being a valued influential member of a group committed to everyones growth and welfare (Schaps, 1998). This concept has been expanded into theories. Among them, McMilla n and Chaviss (1986) is so far the most prominent and have been applied by most researchers. McMillan and Chavis (1986) define a sense of community as: . . . a feeling of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members needs will be met through their commitment to be together . . . (in Dalton et al., 2001, p.193) McMillan and Chavis (1986) proposed that a sense of community is comprised of four elements: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection. Further explanations on each element are as follows: Membership There are five attributes in the dimension of membership, i.e., boundaries, emotional safety, sense of belonging and identification with the community, common symbol system, and personal investment. Boundaries refer to the necessity of defining the qualities, such as members way of dressing, language, and rituals, and even shared goals, that include and exclude non-members. Hence, boundaries are not necessarily clearly or obscurely marked, but the definition can be loose or rigid depending on the communitys need to protect its intimate social connection (Wright, 2004). Emotional safety refers to the feelings of security which may involve self-disclosure and group acceptance (Dalton et al., 2001). A sense of belonging and identification with the community looks at the acceptance of being a member of the community. A common symbol system helps to define or indicate membership boundaries and to strengthen the sense of integration among members that could be physically identified or seen , such as wearing the same logo-printed shirts. A symbol is very significant to a community as Nisbet and Perrin (1977, p. 47) quote, . . . the symbol is the beginning of the social world . . ., which carries the identity of the particular group. Meanwhile, personal investment relates to the long-term commitment to a community, such as devotion of time to activities run by the alumni of a varsity. Influence According to McMillan and Chavis (1986), influence refers to mutuality of influence in group. This is explained by the bi-directional relationships in a community, whereby members of a group must feel empowered to have influence over what a group does, and group cohesiveness depends upon the group having some influence over its members (Wright, 2004). However, those who obviously try to dominate the group are often isolated, and the more cohesive the group is, the greater is its pressure for conformity. Integration and fulfillment of needs McMillan and Chavis (1986) explain this dimension in two related concepts: shared values and satisfying of needs, and exchange of resources. Members share values which tend to facilitate their interactions and their ability to meet each others needs simultaneously (Charvat, 2004). Needs are not only understood as survival and the likes, but also include what is desired and valued in a particular community (Dalton et al., 2001). Shared emotional connection This element is also explained by the existence of a spiritual bond that is based on a shared history among members of the community which could be in the form of behaviour, speech, or any other cues that may not be related to behaviour. McMillan and Chavis (1986, p. 14) summarised shared emotional connection as, the definitive element for the true community. Past studies have shown that having a sense of community has brought several positive outcomes, especially to the community members involved. Positive subjective perception of well-being and participatory problem-solving are among the positive outcomes (Davidson Cotter, 1993; Chavis Wandersman, 1990). Empirical studies on a schools sense of community have brought significant impact to students academic achievement and social development (Charvat, 2004). The students experience of school as a community was found to be associated with prosocial behaviors, including concern for others, altruistic behaviour, and positive interpersonal behaviour, as well as democratic values, skill, and desire, and achievement motivation (Battistich, 2001; Schaps Lewis, 1999). From a review of 15 years of research in elementary schools, Charvat (2004) found positive correlations between a schools sense of community and good outcomes for both students and teachers. He added that students who feel a strong school sense of community tend to have more positive attitudes towards school and learning higher educational aspirations, greater trust in and respect for teachers, more prosocial attitude and better social skills. This is also related to teacher attitudes and the perception of school climate. These findings were similar to that of Solomon et al.s (2000) which suggested that teacher practices that emphasizes prosocial values, elicitation of student thinking and expression of ideas, encouragement of cooperation, warmth and supportiveness, and reduced use of extrinsic control, were related to student classroom behaviour. Such behaviour includes engagement, influence, and positive behaviour, which, in turn, were related to students sense of community (see also Schulte et al., 2003). Research on a sense of community has also been expanded to include a broad range of demographic characteristics. It was reported that a schools sense of community was associated with those who live in the campus, among students in private schools, those out of state, seniors, and females (Lounsbury DeNeui, 1995). Other findings reported that the people who came from small-sized campus and suburban area feel a stronger sense of community. In a more recent study, Fraering and Minor (2006) for example, have found that there was a positive relationship between age and a perceived sense of community among customers of financial services firms, and men perceive a greater sense of community than women. Research addressing such issues on a sense of community in Malaysia is still at its infancy. Measuring unity among ethnic groups in Malaysia and efforts in building up as well as promoting national identity perhaps are among studies that the authors can recall to have some connections to the study of sense of community. Looking at how important a sense of community can be in promoting students well being and development, prompted the undertaking of this research project. For a start, the authors use the sample from their school. Objectives of Research To identify the sense of community by various socio-demographic background. To identify the correlation between frequency of students involvement in clubs or organization run at school level such as academic achievement, age, and altruistic behaviour. Hypotheses 1. There is significant difference between sense of community with ethnic group, type of programme, and years of study. 2. There is significant relationship between sense of community with age group, involvement in school, academic achievement, and altruistic behaviour. METHODOLOGY Subjects One hundred and fifty one students from the School of Psychology and Social Work participated in the study. They were picked at random from each programme that comprised of 52 juniors, 61 sophomores, and 38 seniors. Design, Tools, and Measurement The study was designed in survey form. A set of questionnaires comprising of 3 sections was developed and adapted from original sources. Section A measures socio-demographic variables, Section B measures Sense of Community Scale (SOCS) which was adapted from McMillan and Chavis (1986). There are four subscales measured in SOCS as proposed by McMillan and Chavis (1986). While to measure altruistic behaviour in Section C, Rushtons (1981) Self-Report Altruism Scale (SRAS) was used. For SOCS, 40 items were developed, while SRAS contained 20 items. Both scales were measured through a four- and five-point Likert scales. Cronbach Alpha for both scales ranged between 0.82 and 0.89, indicating that they were highly reliable to be used in the context of this study. In terms of validity, subscales of SOCS significantly correlate to one another and to the whole scale. As for SRAS, it was used before by local researchers in a similar context of this study, and it was found to be valid. Procedure Questionnaires were administered to the subjects who were picked randomly from each programme with the help of fellow lecturers. They were allowed 15 to 20 minutes to answer the questionnaires. Data analysis To test the hypotheses, data were then analysed by one-way ANOVA and Pearsons correlation. Descriptive statistics were applied to see the distribution of the sample. RESULTS Background of sample Descriptive analyses indicated 67 males and 84 females participated in the study that comprised of 34.4 percent of first year students, 40.4 percent second year students, and 25.2 percent third year students. A total of 23.2 percent of them enrolled in the programme for Youth and Community Development, 20.5 percent in Industry and Organizational Psychology, 13.9 percent in Counseling Psychology, 19.2 percent in Child and Family Psychology, and 23.2 percent in Social Work Programme. The mean age of the subjects was 22.01 years. More than 60 percent identified themselves as Malay, 9.9 percent Chinese, 11.9 percent Kadazandusun, 4.6 percent Bajau and Pribumi of Sarawak respectively, and others, 5.3 percent. More than half of the subjects were members of clubs and organizations that were based in the campus, with about 40 percent holding position as committee members of the organizations or clubs. Almost 80 percent have been involved at least two times in activities run by the School. Mo st of the students stayed in hostels in the campus. In terms of academic achievement, the subjects can be categorized into three groups. A total of 22 percent are high achievers (with CGPA score of 3.00 and above), 57.3 percent moderate, and 20.7 percent low achievers. The mean score of SOCS was 120.09, indicating the subjects were in the category of moderately high. Table 1 presents some of the socio-demographic data of the samples. Hypotheses Testing Results The Pearson product moment correlation analyses showed no significant inter-correlation between a sense of community, altruism, involvement in school or programme activities, and academic achievement. Age was the only variable correlated significantly with a sense of community (r = 0.23, p Meanwhile, further analyses showed that there were no differences in the sense of community according to students year of study, type of programme, and ethnicity. Table 3 summarises the result of one-way ANOVA, while t-test analyses indicated that female and male subjects did not differ in a sense of community. Table 1: Socio-demographic background of the subjects __________________________________________________________________ Variables N % ______________________________________________________________________ Gender Male 67 44.4 Female 84 55.6 Ethnicity Malay 95 62.9 Chinese 12 7.9 Kadazandusun 18 11.9 Bajau 7 4.6 Pribumi of Sarawak 4 2.6 India 7 4.6 Others 8 5.3 Types of programme Youth and Community Development 35 23.2 Industry and Organisation Psychology 31 20.5 Counseling Psychology 21 13.9 Child and Family Psychology 29 19.2 Social Work 35 23.2 Year of study 1 52 34.4 2 61 40.4 3 38 25.2 ______________________________________________________________________ Table 2: Correlation results between academic achievement, year of study, age, and involvement in school or programme activities, altruism, and sense of community ______________________________________________________________________ Sense of community (r value) __________________________________________________________ Altruism à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ .08 Academic achievement .14 Age 0.23* Involvement in school activities 0.10 ______________________________________________________________________ *p Table 3: Mean differences in sense of community in terms of ethnicity, types of programme, and year of study ______________________________________________________________________ Variables Sum of Squares Mean of Square df F Sig. ______________________________________________________________________ Ethnicity Between group 2520.82 420.14 6 0.51 0.80 Within group 95723.20 818.15 117 Types of programme Between group 699.40 174.85 4 1.23 0.30 Within group 15059.52 142.07 106 Year of study Between group 703.26 351.63 2 2.52 0.09 Within group 15055.66 139.40 108 ______________________________________________________________________ DISCUSSION The findings showed that there was no difference in the sense of community between year of study, ethnicity, and type of programme. It was also found that students involvement in clubs or organizations, academic achievement, and altruism did not correlate with a sense of community. These results contradicted previous findings. The mean for SOCS was in moderately high group, suggesting that it was not strong enough to have connections to other possible phenomena, such as in this case, the academic achievement and altruistic behaviour, as much as for the socio-demographic variables to have some impact on differences of mean in SOCS. In other words, these findings indicated that the students sense of community could be promoted by other socio-demographic factors that were not studied here. Only age was found to be correlated with a sense of community. The older the students are, the more they felt attached to the school. Older students normally consisted of those who have faced difficulties in getting a place in a higher learning institution. They might have worked for a while and have experienced repeating national school examinations (referring to the Malaysian Certificate of Education and Higher School Certificate) and competed with other candidates who might have much better grades than they had to enter the university. Once they have the opportunity to enter university, they will make use of it and gain as much advantage as possible to enhance their academic and social development. These students are normally selected or elected as leaders, or at least take part seriously in school clubs or organizations, which inevitably contribute to the building of the schools sense of community. This study was only a beginning for the authors to understand the nature or level of sense of community among their own students. There are several limitations to this study. The results are applicable only to this sample. Hence, the findings are not expected to be generalized. Future studies are warranted to extend the findings to a larger scale, and to students in different disciplines. Secondly, this study only examined the relationship between a sense of community and altruistic behaviour, and differences among a few socio-demographic variables. For future studies, the authors also suggested that researchers examine causal relationship between variables. Perhaps, a longitudinal study could also be conducted to determine whether a sense of community is associated with time change. More studies are still needed to understand this phenomenon better, as community is not stagnant, and will always evolve. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A preliminary draft of this paper was edited by Fadzilah Majid Cooke of the School of Social Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.

female juvenile crime Essay -- essays research papers

Traditionally, there has been little research on or interest in the impact of female crime in modern society. In addition, juvenile crime rates are on the rise, which combine for a void of research or information on female juvenile offenders. In general, crime rates for women offenders have risen since the 1990's. Increasing numbers of young women are also offending at higher rates. In a 1996 U.S. Department of Justice Report, the number of arrests of young women had doubled between 1989 and 1993. Twenty percent of all juvenile arrests were committed by girls, an increase of 87 percent. However, according to The National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools, males are far more likely to admit to criminal involvement than are females. For example, 12 percent of males and 4 percent of females reported carrying a hidden weapon other than a pocketknife in the past year (Wilson, p.150). There are several theories for this rise in crime proposed by modern feminists, including that t he introduction of women into traditional male roles prompted women to commit increasingly dangerous and violent crimes. However, this paper will rely on Meda Chesney-Lind's theories from The Female Offender. First, Chesney-Lind points out that research on female offenders in general is lacking, and that victimization plays a key role in the offending of women. "†¦Responses must address a world that has been unfair to women and especially those of color and pover...

Always Hope :: College Admissions Essays

Always Hope Without hope, we have nothing. I have learned this valuable lesson in dealing with my Mother and Cancer. My Mother passed over on June 4th of this year. Barely three months ago, and yet I still can't believe she is gone. Mom was given two weeks to live after finding out that she had Breast Cancer that had gone too far and was throughout her body. It is a miracle that she lived for 28 months and we thank God for each day. Mom faced death with courage, strength and never gave up hope for a miracle. Her Dr's were amazed each time they saw her, which was on a monthly basis. You couldn't look at her and see a thing wrong with her. She looked strong and robust, outgoing and if she didn't like something she would let you know. But she always had faith that when her time came she would go to meet her Maker and be reunited with her parents and members of the family that had already passed over. Mom had dreams throughout those 28 months of seeing my Grandmother. Speaking with her, in her dream s. And one thing that Nana always told her was to never give up her faith and hope. That without hope we have nothing. I believe that Nana was preparing her for her return to the Lord and to Nana. As I stated before, Mom passed over in June. It was the hardest time in my life. But the decisions that I made, where made in the hope that I was doing the right thing.

Ejlert Lovborg and Hedda Gabler direction and casting

Briefly outline your casting ideas for the roles of Hedda and Ejlert Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg and then explain how you would direct your actors, in the scenes in which they appear together, in order to reveal their complex feelings for one another. As a director I would direct this play to have a naturalistic style. The play should be as though the audience were watching a small slice of the lives being lived in the Tesman house. Therefore I would use realistic furnishings. For the role of Hedda Gabler I would cast an actor able to show military inheritance through stature, bearing and voice. Hedda would have perfect, aristocratic posture, an air of arrogance and power, and a strong, manipulating voice. As written in the stage directions, the actor would be a â€Å"lady of 29† or thereabouts. She would be tall and slim; have â€Å"steel grey† eyes, and â€Å"medium brown† hair, â€Å"not particularly ample,† which would be put up in a loose bun. Hedda would wear dark coloured satin dresses. She would speak with a slow pace and leave pauses, so as to keep the other characters waiting on her words. Her wit would be dry. The actor who would play Ejlert Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would be 33 years old. He would be quite slim, with short dark hair, bright green eyes, and a short beard. He would be dressed in a dark, fitting, three piece suit, â€Å"quite new,† with a matching top hat. He would be pale, with definitive cheekbones. He would have fast paced delivery of lines and a low pitch. His most prized possession would be the manuscript for his new book, which is his ‘child' with Thea Elvsted. As a rehearsal process I would ask the actors to write down their previous relationship before the actual written play starts. I would ask them to improvise scenes which are linked with there previous lives. For example when Hedda was about to shoot Ejlert when they were younger. I would also ask the actors to write their biography for their characters. During Act two where Hedda and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg first meet in the play, Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg â€Å"seems a little embarrassed.† I would direct the actor playing Hedda to show her boredom with Brack and Tesman just before Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg enters. When Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg comes in, Hedda's change in mood would be sudden, her eyes would light up and her body language would show excitement. Hedda would be stimulated by the situation unfolding before her. When Thea arrives she will be able to play. As Hedda takes the album from the desk, I would direct the actor to not look at Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg but at Brack and Tesman. As she sits Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would move closer and take a seat next to her, â€Å"not once† taking â€Å"his eyes off her.† Then whispering to her, â€Å"Hedda†¦Gabler.† His expression would show that he is still in love with her. As Hedda's next line, â€Å"Now! Sh!† would be said with a smile, she's happy she still has a hold ov er him and she can manipulate him. We see how Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is still infatuated with her as he is disgusted with Hedda that she has thrown herself â€Å"away like that.† He also calls her â€Å"dearest Hedda† and â€Å"darling Hedda,† the actor would show how he wishes the best for her, and his desire to be loved by Hedda. When Mrs. Elvsted enters Hedda will be happy as she is now able to see how her actions will affect people's lives. Although she doesn't quite expect Mrs. Elvsted and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg to be as close. â€Å"He says I've inspired him, too,† Hedda's reaction to this line would be envy, she wanted to be the inspiration, she wanted to be at the heart of something exciting, instead she is bored all day. When Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg declines the punch, he would look to Mrs. Elvsted with an expression of enthusiasm, Hedda would just look straight on at him with a false expression of admiration. Then Hedda smoothly changes tactic by adding that he must drink â€Å"because of other people.† As Mrs. Elvsted realises that Hedda is beginning to win the fight, the changes in status and moods between the characters would gain momentum. After Hedda says that Mrs. Elvsted came around in â€Å"a state of desperation,† She would calm herself and relax back into the chair, whilst smiling between Mrs. Elvsted and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg, and nod at Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg next line. â€Å"Desperation,† Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg would sit bolt up looking between Hedda and Mrs. Elvsted with a questioning look. The sudden turn in the situation would give Hedda joy, and fuel her to go on, â€Å"Your going to a party,† she has again found how to control Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg. In the final part of Act three, Hedda and Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg say goodbye for the last time. Just as Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is â€Å"about to leave,† Hedda reaches her hand out in his direction and says, â€Å"No! Wait!† She moves across to the desk, and begins unlocking the pistol case as she says her following line. He stands there, motionless watching her, hoping she has the answer to all that is wrong, a look of hope in him. As she turns from the desk Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg is slightly disappointed that Hedda is carrying a pistol, she hands it to him slowly as she says, â€Å"do you recognise it?† He takes a slightly angry tone as he remarks that Hedda â€Å"should have used it† before. Hedda clasps her hands around his during the line â€Å"well†¦! You use it now,† showing a small but significant sign of affection for Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg. When he leaves she would move slowly over to the stove momentarily stopping to retrieve the manuscript. The pull ing up a chair she would begin to burn the manuscript, page by page, ripping each one with an audible tear. Saying her lines slowly with a sneer. During her time with Là ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vborg, we see that Hedda Gabler can show affection for others, and we also see her most manipulative side. The softly spoken â€Å"vine leaves† image shows how Hedda controls others to gain the perfect circumstances for her dull life, these ideals of love give her happiness. When her ideals are not met, then her attitude changes and the characters are put into place until she is happy with what is happening around her.

The Thin Red Line

Essay on †The Red Line† by Charles Higson Society contains a vast majority of different types of people, and all of them look, act, and think differently. How we as individuals do these things, are greatly influenced by the people around us, as our differences makes us judge others. In creating our own identity, our reliance on others is consequently grand, which can be either a fine or a dreadful matter. For some, the prejudice in the perceptions of others can cause the truth to be exceedingly twisted. It can be disturbed to such a degree, that the image of others is completely opposite of how it is in reality.This is what each character in Higson’s short story The Red Line experiences. Higson questions and plays with the role identity have in our postmodern society by using irony in the characterization and by the use of a dynamic point of view. Berto and the nameless man each have contradictory personalities and looks. This is seen because the reader and the cha racters are introduced to different sides of the people in the story. As the reader gets a sense of the characters looks, personalities and thoughts, the persons in the story only get to see each other from the outside.Denise’s descriptions of the two men could not be more wrong, and therefore displays the contradictories perfectly. She sees the nameless man as someone innocent, child-like and defenseless, and she sees Berto as one who has â€Å"the look of a hunter. Cold, superior, in charge. †[1] She thinks Berto will hurt her, but he is actually the one who assumes fondly of her and the nameless man in reality dislikes her. None of that is played out though as the characters do not interact with each other, as their narrow-mindedness stop them.The characters are prejudiced towards each other, which prove to be wrong, making the situation ironic. Denise’s thoughts of the two indicates the dramatic irony in the story, because we as readers know that Berto is th e naive and innocent one, while the nameless man is the hunter, who kills Berto in the end. Berto sees the nameless man as someone harmless, but as he kills him, it creates situational irony. He had hoped that the man would have helped him find his way around London, and in a way he does, since Berto’s blood trail reminds him that he needed to take the red line – It was ot the preferable outcome Berto could have hoped for though, of course, as he dies. The nameless man deems very negative of the two, mostly Berto that is so contrary himself, both in appearance and personality. The nameless man considers Berto to be iniquitous, while we as readers know the opposite is true. He also supposes that Berto and Denise are â€Å"eyeing each other up across the aisle†[2], but none of the two has romantic interest in each other, and Denise even ends up running from the former.The reader must question each character, based on their view on the others and how this changes t heir persona, and how each one of them is considered by our selves. The point of view shifts in a way that it both creates suspense, and plays with our impression of personality. With each chapter, titled by a train station name, we follow a different character’s day. In Goodge Street, a chapter towards the end, the characters stories intertwine, but the shifting continues. The composition is therefore not linear, which is typical of postmodern literature, as it creates suspense.There is dynamic and a sense of reflection in the story, which are also postmodern traits. Differing at all times, the point of view creates a sense that nothing is settled, especially because of the conflicting information we obtain of the characters. We must therefore reconsider the story and the characters all the time, thus forcing us to reconsider the personas constantly. The role identity plays in the story is a reflection of how it functions in postmodern society. This is part of the authorâ₠¬â„¢s intention, as Higson wants us to question what we see, as not everyone/everything is what it seems.He also questions and makes us think about our own prejudices towards others, and how we view each other. He plays with the role appearance have in our society, and how important it can be. Berto gets murdered solely because of the way he looks. Higson also critiques the emphasis society puts on perception of others, as too much prejudice can kill the ingenuous and righteousness in life. The nameless man is also extremely narcissitic, as he â€Å"took to staying in, standing in front of the mirror for hours on end, shaving and looking at his reflection†[3], thus he is an archetype of someone in society Higson critiques.Alas, appearance plays an incredibly important role, as Denise run away from Berto and the nameless man kills the latter because of it, even though we as readers know Berto is a respectable guy. The situation in the story is of course extreme, but Higson doe s this to get the point across more clearly and create irony. The contradictions are solar clear and the prejudices have serious consequences for the characters. It goes gravely wrong for the guy the reader sees as kind of a protagonist, and the characters see the antagonist as the innocent and harmless one.We get different impressions of Denise, Berto and the nameless man based on their thoughts on each other and their life situation. These are obtained in a dynamic way, because the point of view shifts and the composition is not linear. Thus, we must reconsider the story at all times, and sense how we ourselves perceive each other. As Higson questions the concept of identity, he also makes us question ourselves, how we view others, and on what grounds we judge each other by. ———————– [1] Higson, Charles. The Thin Red Line, p. 69 l. 4 [2] Ibid. p. 69, l. 25 [3] Ibid. p. 66, l. 30-31

Letters to a Young Poet Essay

Rilke’s â€Å"Letters to a Young Poet,† ostensibly a series of reflections about and advice regarding the inner-life of an accomplished poet, reveal as much about philosophical and moral attitudes as those attitudes or concepts which are commonly associated with literary theory and literary technique. In fact very little, if any, evidence of traditional literary criticism exists within the series of letters; Rilke, in fact, comments in the first letter that: â€Å"†Nothing touches a work of art so little as words of criticism : they always result in more or less fortunate misunderstandings† (Rilke, 1). With that quite clear admonition as a sort of preface to his ensuing reflections and advice, Rilke establishes a far more urgent and profound set of considerations regarding creative expression, considerations which arise out of the human capacity for self-exploration and spiritual odyssey. To begin with, Rilke advises young artists to eschew traditional â€Å"markers† of success, such as publication and critical acclaim. Such things are aspects of what he terms the â€Å"outer† world and have little to do with the composition of poetry. Instead of looking outward for signs of success, the aspiring poet should look within: â€Å"†You are looking outside, and that is what you should most avoid right now. No one can advise or help you – no one. There is only one thing you should do. Go into yourself† (Rilke,1). While it is relatively easy to comprehend Rilke’s meaning here that an aspiring poet should not allow themselves to be judged by outside sources for fear of losing their individuality, the method by which one attempts to â€Å"go into yourself† (Rilke,1) are both complex and dependent upon th aspiring poet’s level of devotion and patience. It is not certain that a turning inward, alone, will produce the emotional and intellectual response that feeds into the creation of great art, but without such a turning inward, great art can not be accomplished at all. When Rilke comments that â€Å"if out of this turning-within, out of this immersion in your own world, poems come, then you will not think of asking anyone whether they are good or not† (Rilke, 2) he is beginning to introduce the most crucial point in his set of principles and advice for young artists. This first, and most important, concept is that: artists are self-reliant. This means that not only do artists plumb their own depths of emotional response for themes and techniques with which to advance self-expression, but the process of turning inward makes of any potential artist, a sort of â€Å"exile† within their own respective societies, a loner who must accept, first, subjective experience and response, and only later consider the repercussions of their journey. The searching into the deep and personal subjective reality of the artist is not only a search for self-identity, bit a search for an escape from irony. And here, Rilke makes an amazing and very profound point regarding the â€Å"pose† that many people adopt to their lives. It would be easy to recognize this pose, say, in a corrupt politician who espouses love for his fellow-citizen but steals for personal wealth and empowerment from the taxes which are meant to improve his society. Equally easy would be to recognize the irony and hypocrisy of literary critics who pontificate about works without ever bothering to understand them. However, Rilke takes the idea of irony and hypocrisy to an additional level and views it as one of the primary obstacles, as well as primary instruments, of creative expression. To dwell in irony may make for quick expression and readily comprehensible art, but it is also a path to the trivial. Rilke writes â€Å"Search into the depths of Things: there, irony never descends† (Rilke, 3) and so, lack or irony, and hence — honesty — is also a hallmark of the odyssey of the artist. Once the prospective artists has made the decision that they could simply not live without being an artist, that they must plumb the depths and take on the journey within, the ensuing time of solitude and reflection will allow the artist to slowly replace conventional modes of logic and thinking with modes of logic and thinking that are far more conducive to artistic expression. It is important to remember that Rilke states plainly that anyone who imagines that they can live without being a poet should not bother to write at all. This is a key point in his overall vision because Rilke regards poetry and artistic expression not as crafts or vocations, but as a â€Å"calling† not unlike that which is commonly associated with religious traditions. The poet or artist has no choice but to be a poet or an artist; there is no-one to teach them craft or skills, there is simply the immersion into one’s â€Å"soul† and the re-emergence as an artist with a unique voice and vision. The thought process of the artist is â€Å"To let each impression and each embryo of a feeling come to completion, entirely in itself, in the dark, in the unsayable, the unconscious, beyond the reach of one’s own understanding, and with deep humility and patience to wait for the hour when a new clarity is born† (Rilke, 5). In this statement Rilke places great emphasis on the erosion of the ego in the artist, signifying that it is not the artist’s conscious ego which creates art, nor learned technique, but submission to unconscious processes, and openness to sensation and understanding: â€Å"this alone is what it means to live as an artist: in understanding as in creating† (Rilke, 5). Along with the substitution of a new â€Å"logic† for the old, Rilke mentions that perception of linear events, such as time itself, are not the business of the true artist: â€Å"Being an artist means: not numbering and counting, but ripening like a tree, which doesn’t force its sap, and stands confidently in the storms of spring, not afraid that afterward summer may not come† (Rilke, 5). Along with self-reliance and patience, internal emotional, spiritual, and psychic growth are aspects of an artist’s journey. Simply by removing oneself from the â€Å"mainstream† (and often ironic) flow of common society and common thinking, the artist becomes something apart from human society and something which is more in touch with Nature nd the processes of natural growth. Such a diversion from the ordinary means that the poet or artist will carry with them the additional burden of being misunderstood, possibly envied, and likely written off as a â€Å"crank† because the diversion of vision, mission, and personal bearing is radical enough to cause visible manifestation. For this issue, Rilke advises â€Å"be happy about your growth, in which of course you can’t take anyone with you, and be gentle with those who stay behind; be confident and calm in front of them and don’t torment them with your doubts and don’t frighten them with your faith or joy, which they wouldn’t be able to comprehend† (Rilke, 9). The prospect of internal joy and a magnificent experience of one’s self and of nature are the artist’s true rewards, not notoriety and publication, just as self-reliance, patience, and honesty — rather than technique, theme, and medium — are the important aspects of composition. In the long run, the journey inward which is made by the prospective artist will reveal itself to be a journey toward a deeper and more complete communion with God. Of course, Rilke avoids any dogmatic interpretations of precisely what God is or is not, but he advises young poets to understand that art is a spiritual, rather than a material or commercial, process. He mentions that it is very helpful for an artist to view God as â€Å"the one who is coming, who has been approaching from all eternity, the one who will someday arrive, the ultimate fruit of a tree whose leaves we are† (Rilke, 10). This latter observation sums up, quite readily, the ultimate â€Å"thrust† of Rilke’s advice: that any prospective artist should view the process of becoming an artist as something more akin to religious than material experience. Art is not only a way of life, it is life and for a true artist, there is no other path. Rilke’s letters are important not only for their veracity and honesty, but for Rilke’s insistence that the artist be regarded, rightfully, as a visionary rather than a craftsman, especially in an age which values above all else, reduction of human experience to merely material principles. Work Cited Rilke, Rainer Maria. Letters to a Young Poet, W. W. Norton & Company, 1993.