Narrative Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Narrative Writing - Essay Example "You will be mine little son," I have told and have put the puppy in a small baby carriage, "you sit here, and I shall bring you a dummy." "It's not interesting game!" the puppy has thought, "We'd better to play hide-and-seek." While I have searched for a dummy, the puppy has fallen out of the carriage and has gone 'to see the sights' of his new home. It has come into one of rooms and has stood motionless. Near the bed he has seen a big black animal and looked at the puppy without one wink."Who are you" the puppy has exclaimed, moving back to be on the safe side, "I am not afraid of you."The black animal was silent. Having grown bolder, the puppy has come closer. "Let's be friends with you," the puppy has cautiously offered. "Mum! Come here!" I have loudly cried, "Fluffy barks at your panther." In the meantime Fluffy has closely come to a mysterious animal. "And why you are silent" the puppy has asked and, having smelt an animal, has touched it with its paw, "How cold you are!" "No! Don't..!" mum has cried, running into the room, but it was too late. The porcelain figure of the panther has swayed, and having hit against the floor has broken in two pieces. "Ah, you silly little thing!" mum has threatened the puppy with the rug. "No I'm not. I am not silly," the puppy have taken an offence, and got under the bed, "I just wished to get acquainted. Forgive me!" it has put out an attractive face, and has there and then got its bitters with a wet rag."You never do it again!" cried mum. "It hurts," whimpered the puppy, on being hidden just in case, "I did not know that it is forbidden. I promise I'll never do it...A real 'miracle' has got out of out of the box. It was a puppy, small and fluffy, as a bear-cub. While I have searched for a dummy, the puppy has fallen out of the carriage and has gone 'to see the sights' of his new home. It has come into one of rooms and has stood motionless. Near the bed he has seen a big black animal and looked at the puppy without one wink. "No I'm not. I am not silly," the puppy have taken an offence, and got under the bed, "I just wished to get acquainted. Forgive me!" it has put out an attractive face, and has there and then got its bitters with a wet rag. In the room, I have put the lead on its neck and have tied it to the back of a chair. Then I have fenced the chair with two pillows from the sofa, and have covered all this strange construction with a blanket. The chair has reeled, pillows got down, and the lead at last was untied. The released puppy has rushed to the kitchen. I was helping mum to prepare the meal. She cut tasty sausage in thin slices, and I laid the table. But I have made the other decision: "If you do not wish to play my games then sit in the corridor," and I have closed the door of the room. This night the puppy has lead on a carpet. It couldn't fall asleep sleep. It was laying and peering into the darkness. "Still I am just a small puppy and do not know much, therefore I make silly things, for which they punish me," the pu

Macroindividual Essay Example for Free

Macroindividual Essay I need to explain the uses, problem and critically examine the uses or problems with real life examples. Question 1 Briefly explain the uses of National Income Statistics. Comparison over Time According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), national income able to state the economy’s performance whether is progressing, stagnating or deteriorating on yearly basis from national income figures. For example like Singapore, their national income has improved steadily over the years which indicate that the country have a stable economy and high in productivity. As for economies in countries such as India, China, and Bangladesh are stagnating and should take action to increase their growth and development. However countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and some African countries have deteriorated in terms of economic performance. Comparisons between Countries Ali H. (1999) stated that we can differentiate the development and developing countries through national income. According to an international organization, OECD (Organization Economic Cooperation and Development) statistic, Singapore was the 13th richest country in the world. OECD is to tackle the country performance to estimate the country is developed or still developing. Countries such as Ethiopia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and most of the Asian states are the poorer nations. Measurement the Standard of Living According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), nationwide earnings information able to help us evaluate the quality lifestyle of individuals in different nations and the individuals residing in the same nations at different times. There is a correlation between national income and standard of living because when income is high, standards of living is high; when income is low, standards of living is low. For example countries such as United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia have high national income and also high standards of living. However, as for the countries such as Ethiopia and Myanmar have low national income leads to low standards of living. Balance of Payment Ali H. (1999) stated that stability of transaction can be determine as the complete of expenses and invoices that a nation generates as result of transfer and trade worldwide with other nations. We can approximately calculate whether the nation will face lack or excess balance of transaction through the nationwide earnings data. There will be an output of forex from the nation and this will lead to disequilibrium in the complete amount of transaction if earnings paid overseas are far greater than earnings obtained overseas. National Planning According to Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010), national planning also knows as planning of each of the countries which based on the national income statistic, the government will formulate its short term and long term economic planning. In this case, Karl E. Case and Ray C. Fair (2003) stated on the basis of present economic performance, the government will have to forecast future developments. This which if income increase, plans for the future will increase; same goes to if income decrease, plans for the future will decrease. This also important and why all the countries have to collate data on national income. Question 2 Discuss the problems involved in calculating the GNP per capita of an economy. Underground Economy OSullivan A. , Sheffrin S. M. , and Perez S. J. (2012) stated that one of the significant problems from measured GDP is so-called underground economy where transactions are not reported to official authorities. According to Lipsey (1998), some transactions are perfectly legal, but for the people do not report their income that they have generated it is because they wanted to avoid paying taxes. For example plumber who repairs pipes leakages in the toilet and only receive payment by cash which is to avoid taxes and these transactions are not recorded so they are excluded from GDP. According to Tucker I. B. (2008), some transaction such as illegal gambling, illegal drugs, illegal guns prostitution, and loan-shark are goods and services that meets every requirement for GDP but GDP does not include unreported criminals activities. Nonmarket Activities According to Lipsey (1998), dealings that do not take position in the structured industry are also being disregards by GDP. For illustrations like solutions that individuals do for themselves in their own houses because these solutions are not moved through markets; this is so GDP statisticians cannot evaluate them. Tucker I. B. (2008) stated nonmarket activities that are not transferred though the markets such as homemaker production, do-it-yourself activities, childcare services, and voluntary work. Problem of Illiteracy Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. 2010) stated that problem of illiteracy most happen in third world countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and many African nations which the people there do not know how to keep accounts of their productive activities. With this problem of illiteracy, the governments of these countries will have difficulties in getting information such as estimated value of home produced product. For example people there do not have knowledge on marketing and finance which makes them do not know the value of product they are selling. Problems of Expertise According to Vengedasalam D. nd Madhavan K. (2010), one of the major problems of developing countries is shortage of professionals. In order to measure the national income accurately, we need the professional services such as statisticians, analysts, programmers, researchers. With these professionals in the developing countries will be able to present the national income data accurately with less technical and human errors. For example if the country do not have programmer, they need to record the national income data in papers and there will be more human errors. Lack of Sophisticated Machinery Vengedasalam D. and Madhavan K. (2010) stated that technical aspect is as important as human factor. Technical aspect such as having sophisticated machinery is needed to compute data and information. For example, problems that developing countries like Indonesia and Peru are facing the problem of technical experts and technical equipment. There countries need this latest and advance machinery to compute massive volume of data. In the end, data that collected on national income need to be analyzed using sophisticated machinery regardless of which method is used. Question 3 Explain with examples whether you support its use as a measure of quality of life in a country. No, I do not support its uses as an evaluation of total well-being in a nation. The factors as follows: Problem of Illiteracy Third world countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, India, and many African nation facing this problems in which the people there do not know how to keep accounts of their productive activities. For example, Memon G. R. (2007) stated Pakistan has one of the smallest expenses of details on the globe, and the smallest among nations of relative resources and public or financial conditions. With a per close relatives earnings of over $450 Pakistan has an older details amount of 49%, while both Vietnam and Local Indian native with less per close relatives earnings have details expenses of 94% and 52%, respectively (Human Development Middle, 1998). Knowledge is greater in places and in the areas of Sindh and Punjab, among the greater earnings group, and in men. Nonmarket Activities According to Shaheen S. , Sial M. H. , Awan M. S. (2011), womans option about contribution in work market is of crucial importance in determining living standard, dependency stress and saving design in homes. Women signify about half of the people in this country in Pakistan. But in Pakistan mostly females execute happens in non-market activities in the home or the informal market. In recent past women contribution in modern market activities has been increasing. Factors determining the profession of women are extremely complex. At the individual level females option to execute is topic to such factors as the availability to projects, knowledge level and skills. Underground Economy One of the problems from measured GDP is so-called underground economy where transactions are not reported to official authorities. According to Schneider F. and Enste D. H. (2000), the results from eight nations in African-american are revealed, among these, Nigeria and The red sea have the biggest subterranean financial systems with 76 % and 68 % of GDP; Mauritius has the tiniest subterranean economic system with 20 %. Implementing the forex requirement strategy, Tanzania had a subterranean economic system of 31 % (of GDP) in 1989–90, and Southern African-american, 9 % in 1989 to 1990. The position of the size the subterranean financial systems for the Africa nations is reinforced by identical results and historical proof from Pozo (1996); Lawrence Chickering and Muhamed Salahdine (1991); and Lubell (1991). Conclusion I have explained the uses and problems. I have also examined the problems with real life examples.

Charles Darwin Essay examples -- Science Evolution Scientist Biology E

Charles Darwin The famous naturalist Charles Darwin embarked on hundreds of miles of land excursions during the often-told story of the H. M. S. Beagle voyage, and on these trips, the most lasting visual impressions for Darwin are the Cordilleras Mountains, the Fuegian natives, and the Brazilian rainforests. The Beagle’s five-year world circumnavigation from 1831 to 1836 emphasized South America and so it is not so surprising the previously mentioned natural wonders had such important impact on Darwin. Somewhat unexpected, though, is the desolate Patagonia plains of Argentina which made an especially lasting impression on Darwin. While certainly not the only important lasting natural impressions for Darwin from the voyage, the natural wonders mentioned previously are quite note worthy because they show up so prominently in a careful reading of Darwin’s writing. Much has been written about the 19th century Beagle voyage and its scientific developments, but instead the emphasis for this research paper will be a selection of Charles Darwin’s most striking land journeys. This assignment will describe and evaluate the dimensions of the ‘gentleman naturalist’s’ most impressive visual memories resulting from excursions into Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. In doing so, this paper will heavily rely on two sources: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin and what is popularly known as Darwin’s Beagle Diary. Both of these texts are available on the World Wide Web. Before turning to the content of the previously mentioned sources, some additional background is in order. The Beagle voyages’ main mission was to acquire a set of longitudinal measurements in a circumnavigation of the globe. In additi... ...[13] Ibid., 534. Unknown indirect source. Referred in Journal of Researches as: Shelley, Lines on M. Blanc. I was unable to found a bibliographic reference. [14] Ibid., 534. Bibliography: Darwin, C. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the countries visited during the voyage round the world of H.M.S. Beagle. 11th ed., London: John Murray, 1913. Quoted from Web Site – Van Wyhe, John ed., â€Å"The writings of Charles Darwin on the web,† 8 October 2003. (29 December 2003). Darwin, F. ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. New York: D. Appleton & & Co., 1905. Quoted from Web Site – Van Wyhe, John ed., â€Å"The writings of Charles Darwin on the Web,† 8 October 2003. (29 December 2003).

Job Shadowing Project

Job shadowing a great lawyer and family friend, Nancy Vanilla. I have nearly always wanted to be a lawyer, and in all honesty I was a little concerned that after watching a real court hearing, and seeing all the work that lawyers actually have to put into each and every case, I would no longer wish to become a lawyer. However my fears were removed entirely as soon as I walked into her downtown Fort Worth office; the day I had arranged to Job shadow Mrs..Vanilla, she had a court hearing in Denton, so immediately upon my arrival I as exposed to the last minute stress of getting the clients case in order. I was able to help Mrs.. Vanilla with getting her paper work in order, before going to the court house. This was the first time I had ever sat and watched a court hearing, and I was completely fascinated through the entirety of the hearing. I was able to watch two exceptional lawyers in action, and I could not have more impressed by either performance. At the end of my time with Mrs..V anilla I was able to sit with her and ask questions about her profession. During this time Is when I became completely and totally positive that this was the career I wanted to pursue. She was so passionate about what she did, and she explained to me the parts of the Job that most people don't really take Into consideration. I realized that I wanted to learn about and how to interpret the law, and use It to protect people as it was designed to do. I could not be more thankful for the opportunity given to me through this assignment, and through Mrs.. Vanilla's willingness to work with me.

The Government’s Taking of Private Property

The Constitution of the United States is based primarily on the ideas of the 17th Century English philosopher John Locke. Locke thought that everyone had natural rights, which included life, liberty, and property. Locke stated â€Å"the great and chief end, therefore, of men†s uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of property† (Locke/ McClaughry 3). He thought that if any of these rights were violated that the violator should make restitution. The Takings Clause in the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states â€Å"Nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. When the government needs a citizen†s private property to build roads or buildings, they compensate the person with money roughly equal to the value of that person†s land. The problem of the government taking or restricting a citizen†s land arises with regulation of private property. John McClaughry defines regulatory taking â€Å"as a governmental confiscation or destruction of economic rights by regulation, without the physical occupation which would trigger just compensation to the owner† (McClaughry 7). The case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council is an example of regulatory taking. In the case of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas bought two adjacent lots on the coast of the Isle of Palms in South Carolina, only to have the land restricted by the state, which prevented his intended use of the lots. Lucas argued that the state†s restriction of the land constituted taking without just compensation. The South Carolina Court of Common Pleas agreed with Lucas and awarded him $1,232,387. 50. The Supreme Court of South Carolina disagreed with the lower court, and saying that the restrictions were designed to prevent serious public harm so no compensation was necessary, even if it did affect the property†s value. Lucas appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States decided on Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council in June of 1992. This was four years after the Beachfront Management Act, which prohibited construction on Lucas† lots, was enacted in 1988. An amendment was made to the Act in 1990 that would allow construction in special situations. Lucas could possibly appeal to the Council and receive a permit to build on his lots at the time of the Supreme Court hearings. Lucas argued that the deprivation of use of his land from 1988-1990 amounted to a taking. The Supreme Court decided to grant certiorari. According to Locke, the government†s purpose is to protect and enforce people†s natural rights. One of the natural rights, according to Locke, is life. The coastal area of the Isle of Palms that Lucas† lots were on has been plagued with floods. Justice Blackmun stated that the land was â€Å"under water† from 1957 until 1963. In addition, between 1981 and 1983, â€Å"the Isle of Palms issued twelve emergency orders for sandbagging to protect property† (Blackmun 2). The state of South Carolina saw Lucas† property as unsafe. â€Å"Long ago it was recognized that all property in this country is held under the implied obligation that the owner†s use of it shall not be injurious to the community, and the Takings Clause did not transform that principle to one that requires compensations whenever the State asserts its power to enforce it† (Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass. 491-492). The state†s prevention of building on the site in question would not only foreseeably save the beach from erosion,! insurance and federal aid money, but possibly lives. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that when all value has been taken from property that the owner must receive compensation for it. The question still stands as to whether the state caused the land to become valueless by restricting the building upon it. Justice Blackmun argued, â€Å"†¦ yet the trial court, apparently believing that ‘less value† and ‘valueless† could be used interchangeably, found the property ‘valueless†Ã¢â‚¬  (Blackmun 5). He goes on to propose that the land still held value because Lucas could enjoy it in other ways, such as camping, swimming, picnicking, or placing a mobile home on it. The value of the property often lies in the eye of the beholder. In Colorado, a piece of legislation is being proposed that might become a model for other states where property rights are concerned. The Private Property Protection Act would allow â€Å"a landowner to seek compensation when a regulation takes away more than fifty percent of the land†s value† (McClaughry 4). This act hopes † to establish a standard for the most serious regulatory takings and to afford a method of relief for a landowner whose rights have been taken† according to McClaughry (McClaughry 8). In 1997, Senator Hatch (R-UT) introduced a piece of legislation called the Citizen†s Access to Justice Act. This Act would â€Å"reduce delay and expense of litigation by clearly defining when a property owner†s claim is ripe† for adjudication (Annett 2). This piece of legislation would help speed the process that is so costly for property owners. The Private Property Rights Implementation Act was passed in October of 1997. This Act helps owners pass their first hurdle by allowing them to have the merits of their case heard in federal court. The Tucker Act Shuffle Relief Act, also passed in October of 1997, helps citizens pass the second hurdle by â€Å"resolving the jurisdictional question for federal courts† (Annett 3). Even though the Supreme Court†s ruling in Lucas looked promising for property rights advocates, it turned out not to be such a big win after all. Justice Scalia limited the application of the ruling to total takings, excluding partial takings. The distinction between total and partial takings â€Å"is arbitrary and inconsistent with the purposes of the Takings Clause† (Butler 3). It is possible that one landowner could lose more money on a piece of property that is only partially taken and not receive compensation for it, when another landowner could be compensated for a piece of land that is not wholly worth as much as the other owner†s partial piece. The Supreme Court†s partial versus total taking has made a big impact upon lower court judges however. The lower courts are using the decision as a standard by which to judge regulatory property rights cases across the board. Many defendants are attempting to use the ruling, to fight prohibited construction on their land, where it is not applicable. Defendants â€Å"cannot claim their land is valueless simply because they might have developed it in the future† (Butler 5). The other relevant part of the Lucas decision is that â€Å"if the activity was previously permitted under relevant property and nuisance principles, then the prohibition of the activity would be a total regulatory taking that must be compensated† (Butler 6). Justice Blackmun ponders whether the government is going to be able to continue if it must weigh the possibility of compensation when making laws outlawing serious dangers to society. However, if all economically beneficial uses are not destroyed by the regulation, then it does not matter whether or not the activity was previously permitted. Another case of regulatory property taking that is still on the state level is the expansion of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Regional Airport. With the expansion of the airport, increased air traffic would be flying over the nearby Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge. In compensation for the affects on the habitat, â€Å"†¦ the Fish and Wildlife Service is going to be paid over $20 million† (Young 1). However, the money is going to come from fees and charges placed on people using the airport. When someone from the private sector causes detriment to federal lands they must compensate the government for the lost lands. The end of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council remains to be told. The South Carolina Supreme Court ordered the state of South Carolina to purchase the two lots in question from David Lucas. The state then put the two lots on the market as residential sites. Perhaps the â€Å"courts should look beyond the public-interest rhetoric and examine the validity of the alleged public purpose† (Butler 7). This is the other side of regulatory takings. If the states are required to pay property owners millions of dollars for the land in question, are they going to be able to uphold the Acts and legislation that got them there? Locke†s natural rights seem to conflict over the regulatory taking of private property. The natural right to life appears to have precedent over the natural right to property according to the government†s actions in dealing with regulatory takings. The government says that the taking of the land is in the best interest of society, but rights of the individu! al are being overlooked. When the taking is free to the government, it appears to be a good plan of action for them. When the government must pay for their land, they weigh the pros and cons of their decisions a little more heavily. The Lucas case is full of precedents, good and bad, for both sides of the issue of regulatory takings.

Lewis Structures or Electron Dot Structures

Lewis Structures or Electron Dot Structures Lewis structures, also known as electron dot structures, are named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who described them in his 1916 article titled The Atom and the Molecule. Lewis structures depict the bonds between atoms of a molecule as well as any unbonded electron pairs. You can draw a Lewis dot structure for any covalent molecule or coordination compound. Lewis Structure Basics A Lewis structure is a type of shorthand notation. Atoms are written using their element symbols. Lines are drawn between atoms to indicate chemical bonds. Single lines are single bonds, double lines are double bonds, and triple lines are triple bonds. (Sometimes pairs of dots are used instead of lines, but this is uncommon.) Dots are drawn next to atoms to show unbonded electrons. A pair of dots is a pair of excess electrons. Steps to Drawing a Lewis Structure Pick a central atom. Start your structure by picking a central atom and writing its element symbol. This will be the atom with the lowest electronegativity. Sometimes its difficult to know which atom is the least electronegative, but you can use the periodic table trends to help you out. Electronegativity typically increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table and decreases as you move down the table, from top to bottom. You can consult a table of electronegativities, but be aware different tables may give you slightly different values, since electronegativity is calculated. Once you have selected the central atom, write it down and connect the other atoms to it with a single bond. You may change these bonds to double or triple bonds as you progress.Count electrons. Lewis electron dot structures show the valence electrons for each atom. You dont need to worry about the total number of electrons, only those in the outer shells. The octet rule states that atoms wit h eight electrons in their outer shell are stable. This rule applies well up to period 4, when it takes 18 electrons to fill the outer orbitals. Filling the outer orbitals of electrons from period 6 requires 32 electrons. However, most of the time you are asked to draw a Lewis structure, you can stick with the octet rule. Place electrons around atoms. Once you have determined how many electrons to draw around each atom, start placing them on the structure. Start by placing one pair of dots for each pair of valence electrons. Once the lone pairs are placed, you may find that some atoms, particularly the central atom, dont have a complete octet of electrons. This indicates there are double or possibly triple bonds. Remember, it takes a pair of electrons to form a bond. Once the electrons have been placed, put brackets around the entire structure. If there is a charge on the molecule, write it as a superscript on the upper right, outside of the bracket. More About Lewis Structures Here is more information about Lewis structures: Step: Exceptions to the Octet RuleLewis Structure Example Problem: Formaldehyde

Words that carry weight - Emphasis

Words that carry weight Words that carry weight The words obese and obesity may soon be off-limits at Liverpool City Council. The idea is to avoid causing offence, but will they just end up diluting the message? The proposal, if it goes ahead, would see these words replaced by the term unhealthy weight in any literature aimed at children. The idea came from around 90 nine to eleven year-olds of the Liverpool Schools Parliament, who see using obese as too negative, and potentially disheartening for the young people it may describe. Its often a good move to swap more clinical or jargon-like words for everyday alternatives which are more accessible to your audience, but sometimes you risk losing the full meaning behind the original choice. Some see this as a worrying move: clinically, being obese is much more serious than merely being overweight. This substitution is just fudging the problem says Tam Fry, of the Child Growth Foundation. Unfortunately sometimes schoolchildren have to be taught the realities of life. Let us know what you think. Is this a sensible plan to protect children, or just too PC?

Informative and Descriptive Details in Writing

Informative and Descriptive Details in Writing In composition, a detail is a particular item of information (including descriptive, illustrative, and statistical information) that supports an idea or contributes to an overall impression in an essay, report, or other kind of text. Details that are carefully chosen and well organized can help make a piece of writing or an oral report more precise, vivid, convincing, and interesting. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Supporting DetailAnalysisComposing My First College Essay, by Sandy KlemDescriptive Details in Stegners Town DumpHow to Write a Descriptive ParagraphParenthetical Details in Capotes Place DescriptionPractice in Revising a Place DescriptionPractice in Supporting a Topic Sentence with Specific DetailsProcess AnalysisSpatial OrderSpecificityStatus Details in Tom Wolfes DescriptionsWriters Notebook EtymologyFrom the Old French, a cut-off piece Examples and Observations The charm, one might say the genius, of memory is that it is choosy, chancy and temperamental; it rejects the edifying cathedral and indelibly photographs the small boy outside, chewing a hunk of melon in the dust.(Elizabeth Bowen in an interview in Vogue, September 15, 1955)Bad writers never examine anything. Their inattentiveness to the detail of their prose is part and parcel of their inattentiveness to the detail of the outside world.(Clive James, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg: Lessons on How to Write. Cultural Amnesia, 2007) Reading for DetailsIn reading, one should notice and fondle details. There is nothing wrong about the moonshine of generalization when it comes after the sunny trifles of the book have been lovingly collected.(Vladimir Nabokov, quoted by  Brian Boyd in  Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years.  Princeton University Press, 1991 John Updikes Detailed Description of the Running MateShe wears Adidas jogging shoes, and a dove-gray sweat suit with canary-yellow p iping down the sleeves and legs. In winter, she adds a cable-knit Norwegian sweater; in summer, she strips down to crimson track shorts, with slits in the sides for greater freedom of motion, and a grape-colored tank top, stained to dark wine where she sweats. When it rains, she produces from somewhere a transparent polyethylene bandanna.(John Updike, The Running Mate. Hugging the Shore: Essays and Criticism. Knopf, 1983 Details and Character TraitsSometimes it takes only one or two details to light up a character for your readers. . . . The old mans carefully parted hair suggests that he has not totally given up. The tinny clatter of cheap crockery implies that the restaurateur has fallen on hard times. The sullen teenagers one-shouldered shrug connotes indifference tinged with contempt.(Monica Wood, Description. Writers Digest Books, 1995 Natalie Goldberg on Original DetailsLife is so rich, if you can write down the real details of the way things were and are, you hardly need anything else. Even if you transplant the beveled windows, slow-rotating Rheingold sign, Wise potato chip rack, and tall red stools from the Aero Tavern that you drank in in New York into a bar in another state and time, the story will have authenticity and groundedness. . . . You dont have to be rigid about original detail. The imagination is capable of detail transplants, but using the details you actually know and have see n will give your writing believability and truthfulness. It creates a good solid foundation from which you can build.(Natalie Goldberg, Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within, 2nd ed. Shambhala, 2005 Significant DetailsDetails are never simply embellishments. They serve the narrative in terms of dramatization, characterization, structure, and style. . . .Over and over again were told that good, active writing is concrete rather than abstract. Its specific rather than general. And its in these notions of active writing that details make all the difference. A detail must be both significant and specific.(Joanne Meschery, Details! Details! Details! Writers Workshop in a Book, ed. by Alan Cheuse and Lisa Alvarez. Chronicle Books, 2007 Sensory Details- The night air rushed in about us through the tilted wind portals at the front of the front windows and the smaller ones in back (we were in the zippy Terraplane that Tex and I had brought from Detroit), and with it the hot, flat scent of tall corn; a sudden tang of skunk come and gone; the smell of tar when the dirt roads stopped, fainter now with the hot sun gone; and, over a rare pond or creek as the tire noise went deeper, something rich and dank, with cowflop and dead fish mixing with the sweet-water weeds.(Roger Angell, Romance. The New Yorker, May 26, 2003)- I remember the air whistling around me as I ran, the panicky thud of my bones in my sneakers, and then the slabs rising in the light from the street lamps as I sped past the little candy store and crept under the fence.(Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City, 1969 Persuasive DetailsDetails are what persuade us that someone is telling the truth- a fact that every liar knows instinctively and too well. Bad liars pile on facts and figures, the corroborating evidence, the improbable digressions ending in blind alleys, while good or (at least better) liars know that it’s the single priceless detail that jumps out of the story and tells us to take it easy, we can quit our dreary adult jobs of playing judge and jury and again become as trusting children, hearing the gospel of grown-up knowledge without a single care or doubt. . . .We think in generalities, wrote Alfred North Whitehead. But we live in detail. To which I would add: We remember in detail, we recognize in detail, we identify, we re-create . . ..(Francine Prose, Reading Like a Writer. Harper, 2006 Tom Wolfe on the Power of Symbolic Details[T]he recording of everyday gestures, habits, manners, customs, styles of furniture, clothing, decoration, styles of traveling, eating, keeping house, modes of behaving toward children, servants, superiors, inferiors, peers, plus the various looks, glances, poses, styles of walking and other symbolic details that might exist within a scene. Symbolic of what? Symbolic, generally, of peoples status life, using that term in the broad sense of the entire pattern of behavior and possessions through which people express their position in the world or what they think it is or what they hope it to be. . . .Here is the sort of thing Balzac does over and over. Before introducing you to Monsieur and Madame Marneffe personally (in Cousin Bette) he brings you into their drawing room and conducts a social autopsy: The furniture covered in faded cotton velvet, the plaster statuettes masquerading as Florentine bronzes, the clumsily carved painted chandelier with its candle rings of molded glass, the carpet, a bargain whose low price was explained too late by the quantity of cotton in it, which was now visible to the naked eyeeverything in the room, to the very curtains (which would have taught you that the handsome appearance of wool damask lasts for only three years)everything in the room begins to absorb one into the lives of a pair of down-at-the-heel social climbers, Monsieur and Madame Marneffe. Balzac piles up these details so relentlessly and at the same time so meticulously . . . that he triggers the reader’s memories of his own status life, his own ambitions, insecurities, delights, disasters, plus the thousands and one small humiliations and the status coups of everyday life . . ..(Tom Wolfe, The New Journalism. The New Journalism, ed. by Tom Wolfe and E.W. Johnson. Harper Row, 1973) The Lighter Side of DetailsSergeant Heppelfinger: I tell you itll all blow over. Everything is perfect- except for a couple of details.Woodrow Lafayette Pershing Truesmith: They hang people for a couple of details!(William Demarest and Eddie Bracken in Hail the Conquering Hero, 1944)

Change management case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Change management case study - Essay Example Semler has a unique strategy, that of empowerment. The importance of ethical values in relationship with workers is a critical part of this success story. He sincerely believed that each of his employees had the biggest stake in his business and they needed assurance of the safety of their jobs. He used this leverage to ensure their loyalty. This move secured the future of both the employees as well as the company. Maslow (1954) argued that workers achieve their best only when they are recognised for their accomplishments by peers as well as their superiors. Pay does matter but self actualisation is the ultimate motivation. This was the value that Semmler understood well and made the basis of the change he brought about. He used empowerment as the tool for motivating the employees and made them share the responsibility of managing the company by delegating power to them. Empowerment is a tool that is to be employed with the concept of participation with responsibility for consequences. It was introduced and implemented throughout the organisation in a phased manner. Hierarchy was broken down as this is a great barrier towards emancipation and self actualisation. A change plan was crafted to bring every worker into the management loop recognising his ability to contribute towards improvement in operations and the bottom line. It is essential to change according to the environment and evolve strategies to survive intense competition. Porter (1980) had suggested that competitive advantage is what keeps a firm; alive and later argued that when a firm becomes different by offering value, quality and some attributes through which it offers some uniqueness then it will become an above average performer in its industry (Porter 1985). But to arrive at this stage the firm must make difficult choices. Porter (1996) then redefined strategy to be a combination of differently performed

Risk management planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk management planning - Essay Example The whole process will take around one month which will include visiting people, distributing and collecting questionnaires, and conducting interviews. Before going into the details of proposal regarding identification of risk and implementation of an appropriate risk management plan, let’s get a better understanding of what risk management actually is and why is it important for any company or organization to implement a suitable risk management plan. Risk management means identification of the threat of risks anywhere in the organization’s activities and businesses and finding out the proper solution to the identified risks. This process of risks’ identification and planning is known as risk management process. Risk management is one of the most important tasks for any company, business, or organization. It is because without the implementation of an effective risk management plan, the chances of failure of business get increased. Risk management planning is not only important for the success and stability of the business operations but also it is very beneficial for the security and safety of the employees w orking in any specific company or organization. If we talk about risk management planning in the construction industry, we can say that the managers of the construction companies properly concentrate on balancing the eventuality of any risk, which their companies may face in near future, with their contractual, financial and operational necessities. In the process of achieving this balance between risk and company’s operational requirements, an effective and efficient mechanism is required which can identify and analyze any sort of risk to the companies. â€Å"Crisis can strike at any time, which is why it is important for organizations to have risk management plans in place† (Sheldon). The key steps involved in the risk management planning include defining the risks for the

W8 Exemption PT2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

W8 Exemption PT2 - Essay Example As such, it is crucial for one to understand the exact job that they would like to pursue and that is in line with their interests. Any person who wishes to pursue a lucrative career in this field has no alternative other than majoring in business management. It is both profitable and rewarding in so far as career fulfillment is concerned (Cronje & Du Toit, 2004). As a person with an undergraduate degree in business management, I am firmly convinced that the groundwork for my career in business management has been done. Consequently, it all falls back to me to pursue additional strategies that will guide my career paths within companies so that I can advance and move further upwards on the corporate ladder. In addition, this degree has offered me substantial knowledge and skills on starting, operating and running my own business portfolio. Essentially, there are several other dimensions I can choose to utilize the skills so far acquired in my undergraduate studies. This factor is rei nforced by the fact that management skills are needed virtually in all professions. For instance, engineering or healthcare sectors require a manager to run the day-to-day activities of their organizations. In general, professional engagement in business management equips one with skills of marketing and sales, interpersonal skills, co-ordination, personal relations, budget and finance, and security. In this vein, a student in this career must learn or enhance their qualities in aspects such as planning, organizing, leadership, communication, policy making and formulation, and staffing (Needle, 2010). Based on my experience in undergraduate studies, it is undeniable that a career in business calls for diligence and sufficient period of preparation. It demands specialized training for effective mastery of the various conditions that characterize the world of business. This training is offered in various universities through regular degree programs. In addition to the undergraduate de gree, a significant proportion of the graduates opt for an associate degree that takes a maximum of two years. This extra degree enhances their chances of joining the field of business management easily. However, there are other critical training programs offered by private organizations in this particular field. This is to simply imply that training grounds or avenues for business management are readily available. Whereas such training programs provide a quicker means for someone to venture into professional management fields, it is those who have gone through universities that are regarded as having an upper hand in terms of credibility (Magdaline, Place, & Baratz, 1998). My experience in the business management course has taught me a number of lessons, some of which are far-fetched from professional engagement. For instance, I have realized that any person who wishes to succeed in any profession must be willing to spend considerable time learning. In addition, just the same way b usiness studies have a branch referred to as business ethics, work life equally demands for solid work ethics. Several businesses are rolled out every year with the hope of clinching the most coveted top market positions. Unfortunately, not all of these entities manage to attain their goals. The big question that then begs for answers is what differentiates successful and unsuccessful businesses. According to findings

Work family interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work family interview - Essay Example She also said that she has a house nanny, who helps her with the care of the children. When I asked her about her work, she said that she loves her work although sometimes it is pretty demanding. She argued that being a teacher sometimes was quite challenging because children give her a hard time (Kerka & Eric, 1991). She teaches children from the ages 6 to 12 years. Sometimes she would take long hours at work while at other times she would leave work early depending on her responsibilities for the day. She explained that on an average day’s work would last roughly eight to ten hours, but on a busy day, it would last the whole day and she would often come home late. When she expected to arrive home late she would call her house nanny to pick the children. Her children were studying in a nearby academy; therefore, she often picked them. She said that her husband was always a busy man and travelled a lot and sometimes would take an entire week from work. However, her husband was a responsible man because he always put sometime for his family despite his demanding job. When I interviewed her husband, he said that he was quite a busy man since his career required him to travel a lot. He said that he would wake up as early as 4 am in the morning and sometimes leave the house before anyone was awake. On a normal day, he woke up at 5 am in the morning and take breakfast that his wife had prepared. Sometimes he would wake up earlier than her wife and prepare breakfast for himself (Lee, Duxbury and Higgins, 1994). Most of the time, perhaps the whole week, he would never see his children since he woke up early. However, on weekends he always kept time for his children, his wife and his family. He argued that sometimes he hated his job because it made him miss his family a lot. Sometimes he wished he was the teacher just like his wife so that he would have time for his children. When her wife was not around, the

Anti bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Anti bullying - Essay Example In order to gain domination over others, bullies use coercion or physical assault, threats or verbal forms of harassment of which they normally direct towards identified ‘soft’ targets whom are likely to offer less resistance to the bullies. According to Lemus, bullies rationalize and justify their behaviors based on their differences with the victims on appearance, gender, class, behavior, religion, race, sexuality, or abilities (23-25). In the writings by Sullivan, he stated that bullying is normally classified into four key categories that include cyber bullying, physical bullying, verbal bullying, and emotional bullying, and when the bullies operate in a group it is termed as mobbing (68-71). According to Hadikin and O’Driscoll, cases of bullying are more rampant at schools where majority of those who are physically strong, have unique capabilities, or come from a financially well-off background, tend to look down upon others whom they perceive as weak targets (78-82). In addition, cases of bullying also exists within the workplace, where in most cases those who are in senior positions tend to show tendency of bullying toward those who are in junior positions. Bullying within schools and at workplaces is termed as peer abuse. This present informative essay is divided into a three part series that begins with the causes of bullying, the effects of bullying, and anti-bullying practices that should be implemented largely in schools. In the studies conducted by Lemus, he stated that bullying is caused by social factors that alter the behavior and attitudes of the bullies who pick on bad behavior of intimidating and harassing other people (32-34). Primarily, Sprung et al. stated that most bullies normally come from dysfunctional homes where they are exposed to violent punishments or regular violence within the household and even uncaring attitudes from their

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International law - Essay Example This means that the decisions made do not have precedents on the other courts, which means that the provisions of international rules will continue to be applied inconsistently. A good example of a rule, however, is the responsibility to protect doctrine, which necessitates intervention in cases of genocide and other widespread human rights abuses. That said, even this doctrine is applied inconsistently, as seen in the case of Sri Lanka, a nation which has been at war for 30 years. This nation has not been the target of R2P intervention, and has, for many years, been largely ignored by the United Nations. This case study shows the limits of international rules of law, and demonstrates the need for a more comprehensive approach to be taken on the international stage. The Traditional Meaning of Sovereignty The United Nations' attempts to establish an international rule of law meets a stumbling block in the form of the concept of state sovereignty. State sovereignty is a powerful and tr aditional concept, and has traditionally been the bedrock of world order and interstate relations. (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). What state sovereignty means is that every nation-state has the right to rule its people, and dispose of its resources, by its own independent edicts (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). Because of the concept of state sovereignty, the protected and respected norm, even by the United Nations, is one of non-intervention. State sovereignty is such a paramount concept that, if one nation violates it, then the offended nation can defend itself by right, and the United Nations protects this right to defend (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). That said, state sovereignty is not absolute, and is subjected to international rules and regulations. Moreover, in today's globalized world, state sovereignty has become ever-more tenous. The reali ty of today's world is that national borders are often breached by environmental, cultural and economic influences through technological and communication advances (Supplement to the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty). State sovereignty is also limited in that nations agree that, in order to maintain their sovereignty, to protect their citizens, and this enables the international community to hold wayward nations accountable for their own actions towards their citizens (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, p. 12). In other words, if a nation is committing atrocities against its citizens, then that nation effectively relinquishes its own sovereignty, and the international community has the right to step in and intervene when this occurs. International Rule of Law The other concept that should be understood in this context is the concept of an international rule of law, and the brief historical basis for this. Chesterman (2008) h as explored this concept in depth. He states that the international rule of law has been promoted through international treaties, development actors (including donor States), and security actors (such as the U.N. Security Council). The latter has promoted the rule of law as a form of conflict resolution, claims Chesterman. He sees the international rule of law operating to protect human rights by issuing human rights treaties, as well as international codes

Anti bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Anti bullying - Essay Example In order to gain domination over others, bullies use coercion or physical assault, threats or verbal forms of harassment of which they normally direct towards identified ‘soft’ targets whom are likely to offer less resistance to the bullies. According to Lemus, bullies rationalize and justify their behaviors based on their differences with the victims on appearance, gender, class, behavior, religion, race, sexuality, or abilities (23-25). In the writings by Sullivan, he stated that bullying is normally classified into four key categories that include cyber bullying, physical bullying, verbal bullying, and emotional bullying, and when the bullies operate in a group it is termed as mobbing (68-71). According to Hadikin and O’Driscoll, cases of bullying are more rampant at schools where majority of those who are physically strong, have unique capabilities, or come from a financially well-off background, tend to look down upon others whom they perceive as weak targets (78-82). In addition, cases of bullying also exists within the workplace, where in most cases those who are in senior positions tend to show tendency of bullying toward those who are in junior positions. Bullying within schools and at workplaces is termed as peer abuse. This present informative essay is divided into a three part series that begins with the causes of bullying, the effects of bullying, and anti-bullying practices that should be implemented largely in schools. In the studies conducted by Lemus, he stated that bullying is caused by social factors that alter the behavior and attitudes of the bullies who pick on bad behavior of intimidating and harassing other people (32-34). Primarily, Sprung et al. stated that most bullies normally come from dysfunctional homes where they are exposed to violent punishments or regular violence within the household and even uncaring attitudes from their

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

E-Business - Essay Example rmediaries (Sarkar et al, 1996.) They are an electronic-commerce only intermediary; business and customer relationship management (CRM) is conducted purely via their website; a virtual marketplace with no direct contact between buyers and sellers. Amazon have created a virtualized value system through their accelerated ordering, delivery and payment of goods and services, while reducing operating and inventory costs associated with traditional bricks and mortar stores. They have access to global markets, economies of scale and the ability to personalize. As a virtual merchant, their products are suited to the Internet, their business models remain a source of differentiation. Amazon is a seller-controlled site whose commercial mechanism is fixed price sales. Timmers (1998) classifies Amazons business model as a virtual community, which "helps build customer loyalty and trust through an interplay of virtual and physical realities." (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997.) Amazon strengthens their association as a virtual store with "shopping trolley technology" (Cooke, 1997.) Shopping carts and checkouts act as reminders of physical environments. (Weick, 1995.) Amazons effectiveness as a virtual community is evident with their customer co-presence. "Amazon has made customer relations the centerpiece of its strategy." (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997.) Collaborative filtering helps them achieve personalization and mass customization. Customer extension is offered via their site and e-mails. Amazons business model is now considerably more flexible as it has diversified from books and CDs to a range of products more typical of a department store. (Chaffey, 2004.) Amazon has warehouses to support their technical innovations. They are dependent on the publisher-to-wholesaler supply chain. Their distribution centers are placed near distribution warehouses to allow quick turn around on deliveries. (Bayers, 1999.) Amazons brand has enabled them to pursue differentiation strategy

Applied linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied linguistics Essay Applied linguistics 1 History The term applied linguistics dates back at least to the 1940s in the USA when linguists applied analytical methods to the practical problems of producing grammars and phrasebooks and developing language courses. 2 What Is Applied Linguistics? Applied linguistics: (1) was interdisciplinary, drawing on psychology, sociology, and pedagogy as well as theoretical linguistics; (2) included a range of fields including lexicography, stylistics, speech pathol ogy, translation, language policy, and planning among others; (3) performed a mediating function between theory and practice. Ð pplied linguistics must take into consideration the nature of language and the nature of the particular world in which language is used, the beliefs, social institutions, and culture of its users, and how these influence language use. Ideally, the job of an applied linguist is to diagnose a problem in real-world language use, bring the insights of linguistics to bear on the problem, and suggest solutions. 3 Relation of Theory and Practice: the Case of Language Teaching The applied linguist stands at the intersection of theory and practice, but it is not always clear how the applied linguist mediates between the two. This suggests a one-way street in which theory is at the starting point, and the applied linguist directs traffic from theory to practice. Influenced by structuralism in linguistics and by behaviorism in psychology, applied linguists believed that language was a collection of discrete learnable structures, speaking was primary, and learning a language was a matter of correct habit formation. To inculcate correct habits, teachers drilled students incessantly in correct pronunciation and patterned practice of grammatical structures. Under the influence of the theoretical work of Noam Chomsky, applied  linguists saw language learning as a cognitive process of hypothesis testing, in which errors indicated the stage of the language learner’s interlanguage. Instead, knowing a language means knowing how to communicate in the language; it involves acquiring â€Å"communicative competence. † A richer model of the relationship among theory, practice, and applied linguistics sees it as a two-way street in which the applied linguist directs traffic from theory into practice and from practice into theory. Similarly in applied linguistics, practice provides a testing ground for theory,  but it is more than that: real-world language use provides new questions and issues requiring new theories. 4 Recent Range of Inquiry Nevertheless, the central characteristics of applied linguistics remain: (1) focus on contextualized language use; (2) application of theory to practice and vice versa; (3) practical problem-based approach; (4) multidisciplinary perspective. 4. 1 Second language teaching and cross-cultural linguistics 2Accurate description of language use with the ultimate goal of teaching has motivated research in cross-cultural discourse and pragmatics. Concentration on  spoken language, combined with speech act theory among others, has engendered numerous research projects in applied linguistics investigating specific speech acts such as making requests and apologies in different languages and cultures. Applied linguists have examined the development of pragmatic competence in second language learners and the possibilities for teaching pragmatics. 4. 2 Language use in context: contributions of discourse analysis Outside the area of language pedagogy, the burgeoning of discourse analysis has provided a means whereby linguistic insight can be applied to real-world situations. Other institutional and professional settings, too, have come under scrutiny from applied linguists using theoretical constructs to explain how language is used in real-world settings such as commerce, employment, and public services. A field that has developed considerably in recent years in response to societal concerns is the investigation of language and gender. Recent empirical studies have enriched understanding of the interrelationship of language and gender and demonstrated that generalizations about male and female speech are unreliable when the particular communicative contexts in which the speech occurs have not been examined. Other work has examined gender and language cross-culturally and in specific institutional settings. 4. 3 Language maintenance and endangered languages and dialects The work of applied linguists on endangered or minority languages and dialects brings together field linguistics, anthropology, sociolinguistics and education. For example, a longitudinal study of language use and cultural context draws together sociolinguistic research into language use, research in language socialization, and second language acquisition research into educational discourse. It is not only minority languages that are under threat, but also dialects. 2. Contemporary linguistic approaches: Clinical, forensic, computational linguistics ( Ð ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã °Ã'  )( 29, 30, 25) We have chosen to focus on four relatively popular areas of inquiry: †¢ syntactic parsing; †¢ discourse analysis; †¢ computational morphology and phonology; †¢ corpus-based methods. Parsing and discourse analysis have had the longest continuous history of investigation. Computational morphology and phonology began to grow as a separate discipline in the mid-1980s. Corpus-based approaches were investigated as early as the 1960s. 1 Parsing (Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'€) Parsing is the act of determining the â€Å"syntactic structure† of a sentence. The goal is to represent â€Å"who did what to whom† in the sentence. Parsing involves tagging 3the words with an appropriate syntactic category and determining their relationships to each other. Words are grouped into phrase-like constituents, which are arranged into clauses and sentences. Machine translation systems employ parsing to derive representations of the input that are sufficient for transfer from the source to target language at either the syntactic or semantic level. A great deal of attention to the application of syntactic parsing models for language modeling for automatic speech recognition. 2 Discourse Analysis. The area of discourse analysis is concerned with inferring the intended meanings of utterances. In order for the dialogue participants to successfully carry out a dialogue, they must be able to recognize the intentions of the other participant’s utterances, and to produce their responses in such a way that will enable the other participant(s) to recognize their intentions. A recipe is a generic template for performing a particular action. The recipe library contains a collection of generic recipes, and during discourse understanding, the plan inference module attempts to infer utterance intentions and relationships using  information provided by this library. 3 Computational Morphology and Phonology Roughly speaking, the topics can be classified into computational morphology, which treats the analysis of word structure; and computational phonology, which, deals with the changes in sound patterns that take place when words are put together. 4 Corpus-based Methods The word corpus in linguistics is typically a collection of texts. Corpora have been widely used by linguists to identify and analyze language phenomena, and to verify or refute claims about language. However, a corpus also reveals important  quantitative information about the distribution of various language phenomena. 29 Clinical Linguistics Clinical linguistics is the application of the linguistic sciences to the study of language disability. 1 Identifying Linguistic Symptoms Attention has now come to be focused on important symptoms of language disability, and to those aspects of the problem which have been ignored or misdiagnosed. â€Å"Less noticeable† refers to any feature other than the audible qualities of pronunciation, the order and omission of surface grammatical elements, and the actual items which constitute vocabulary. These features exclude  most of the properties of phonological systems, the sense relations between lexical items, the constraints operating on discourse in interaction, and the many ramifications of underlying syntactic structure. All of these play a major part in identifying the various kinds of language disability. The use of a clinical linguistic frame of reference has also enabled people to make progress in identifying disorders of language comprehension. That requires careful testing and the controlling of variables. Disorders of a pragmatic kind, likewise, 4 have often remained undiagnosed, or have been misdiagnosed as problems of a  psychological or social behavioral type. 2 The Role of Clinical Linguistics 2. 2 Description A major area of clinical linguistic research has been to provide ways of describing and analyzing the linguistic behavior of patients, and of the clinicians and others who interact with them. 2. 3 Diagnosis An important aim of clinical linguistics is to provide a classification of patient linguistic behaviors. This can provide an alternative diagnostic model, and one which is more able to provide insights about intervention in cases where there is no clear evidence of any medical condition. 2. 4 Assessment (Ð ¾Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ °). Clinical linguistics has also been much involved in devising more sophisticated assessments of abnormal linguistic behavior. A diagnosis tells us what is â€Å"wrong† with a patient; an assessment tells us just how seriously the patient is â€Å"wrong. † 2. 5 Intervention The ultimate goal is to formulate hypotheses for the remediation (Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ) of abnormal linguistic behavior. Not all aspects of a patient’s problem are directly relevant to the need for linguistically based intervention, clinical linguistics can help clinicians to make an informed judgment about â€Å"what to teach next,† and to monitor the outcome of an intervention hypothesis, as  treatment proceeds. To a large extent, moving well beyond the patient’s language, to include an investigation of the language used by the person(s) carrying out the intervention, the kind of teaching materials used, and the setting in which the interaction takes place. 3 Linguistic Insights The chief aim of clinical linguistics is to provide the clinician with increasing levels of insight and confidence in arriving at linguistic decisions. The three pillars of any clinical linguistic approach: description – grading – intervention. All change needs to be regularly monitored, to demonstrate that progress is being made – this  is the task of assessment. The keeping of comprehensive linguistic records is a further priority, without which the efficacy of intervention can never be demonstrated. Forensic Linguistics Now linguists also have begun examining voice identification, authorship of written documents, unclear jury instructions, the asymmetry of power in courtroom exchanges, lawyer–client communication breakdown, the nature of perjury, problems in written legal discourse, defamation, trademark infringement, courtroom interpretation and translation difficulties, the adequacy of warning  labels, and the nature of tape recorded conversation used as evidence. 1 Trademark Infringement Typically, they respond to requests of attorneys to help them with their law cases. 2 Product Liability 5But the linguist, calling on knowledge of discourse analysis, semantics, and pragmatics, can determine the extent to which the message was clear and unambiguous and point out the possible meanings that the message presents. Once this is done, it is up to the attorney to determine whether or not to ask the linguist to testify at trial. 3 Speaker Identification Linguists have been used by attorneys in matters of voice identification. If the tapes are of sufficient quality, spectographic analysis is possible. If not, the linguist may rely on training and skills in phonetics to make the comparison. 4 Authorship of Written Documents Law enforcement agencies process provide a â€Å"psychological profile† of the person. Calling on knowledge of language indicators of such things as regional and social dialect, age, gender, education, and occupation, linguists analyze documents for broad clues to the identity of the writer. Stylistic analysis centers on a writer’s habitual language features over which the writer has little or no conscious awareness. 5 Criminal Cases Suspects are recorded with court authorized wire taps placed that none of the speakers is aware of being taped, or by using body microphones and engage suspects in conversation. If the law enforcement agency is concerned about the adequacy of the language evidence that they have gathered, they may call on a linguist to make transcripts of the conversations, analyze them. The tape recorded conversation itself points to the use of the other tools of the forensic linguist, including syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, dialectology, and discourse analysis. 3. Discourse analysis (17) Discourse analysis is concerned with the contexts in and the processes through which we use oral and written language to specific audiences, for specific purposes, in specific settings. 1 What Is Discourse? A Preliminary Characterization The big D concerns general ways of viewing the world and general ways of behaving, the small d concerns actual, specific language use. Discourse analysis emphasizes that language is not merely a self-contained system of symbols but a mode of doing, being, and becoming. Discourse research can be divided into 2 major types of inquiries: (1) why some but not other linguistic forms are used on  given occasions and (2) what are the linguistic resources for accomplishing various social, affective, and cognitive actions and interactions. 2 Communicative Motivations for the Selection of Linguistic Forms Language is inseparable from other aspects of our life and that the selection of linguistic forms should be explained in terms of authentic human communicative needs (i. e. , social, interactional, cognitive, affective needs). 2. 1 Context 6One of the first questions is what is happening in this stretch of talk, who the participants are, where they are, and why they are there. Linguistic choices are  systematically motivated by contextual factors. Context is a complex of 3 dimensions: First, the field of social action in which the discourse is embedded. Second, the set of role relations among the participants. And third, the role of language in the interaction. In this view, language is a system of choices made on the basis of a contextual configuration which accounts for field, tenor, and mode. 2. 3 Speech act What kind of speech act utterance is and whether this act is accomplished through direct or indirect means. Speech act theory says that language is used not only to describe things but to do things as well. Further, utterances act on 3 different levels: the literal level (locutionary act), the implied level (illocutionary act), and the consequence of the implied act (perlocutionary act). 2. 4 Scripts / plans Script is to describe the knowledge that we have of the structure of stereotypical event sequences. If such knowledge can be described in a formal way, then we may have a theory of how humans process natural language. 2. 5 Referentiality How entities (Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °) are referred to in utterances. Some analysts are interested in how referential forms make a stretch of discourse cohesive in form and coherent in meaning. 2. 6 Topicality and thematicity What is an utterance about, what is the starting point of a message, what is the focus of a message. Topic the part of the utterance about which something is said. Prague School linguists developed the functional sentence perspective which says that word order has to do with how informative each element in the utterance is – communicative dynamism, or CD. A sentence begins with elements with the lowest CD and ends with those with the highest CD. Theme is the part of the utterance with the lowest degree of CD. 2. 7 Sequential organization The sequential context of the utterance. Discourse analysts have sought to explain linguistic choices in terms of ethnographic contexts, knowledge structure, rhetorical organization, communicative intentions, textual organization, information management and sequential organization, among others. Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, and More Discourse analysts research various aspects of language not as an end in itself, but as a means to explore ways in which language forms are shaped by and shape the contexts of their use. Further, discourse analysis draws upon not only linguistics, but also anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, and  other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences concerned with human communication. Discourse analysis promotes a view of language which says that 7 Resource Center Saved Recents Uploads My Answers Account Products Home Essays Drive Answers Texty About Company Legal Site Map Contact Us Advertise  ©2016 StudyMode. com HOME   ESSAYS   LINGUISTICS   LINGUISTICS Linguistics Applied linguistics, Discourse analysis, Language By maor87 Apr 17, 2015 6489Words 150Views More info PDF View Text View PAGE8 OF 18 language use is not only reflective of other aspects of our lives but is also constitutive of them. As it draws insights from various disciplines, it also contributes to interfacing linguistics with other domains of inquiries, such that we might now investigate the construction of culture through conversation or program computers to generate interactive texts based on our understanding of the rules and principles of human interaction. It focusses on language as it is used by real people with real intentions, emotions. 4. Linguistics and pragmatics (16) The Puzzle of Language Use: How Do We Ever Understand Each Other? Pragmatics is the study of communication – the study of how language is used. This study is based on the assumption of a division between knowledge of language and the way it is used; and the goal of pragmatics is providing a set of principles which dictate how knowledge of language and general reasoning interact in the process of language understanding, to give rise to different kinds of effects which can be achieved in communication. Pragmatics as the Application of Conversational Principles to Sentence Meanings The starting point for studies in pragmatics is the mismatch between what words â€Å"mean, and what speakers â€Å"mean† by using them. There is the knowledge of  language, which dictates the meanings of words and the ways in which they can combine. This is called the encoded meaning. On the other hand, there are pragmatic principles which enable a hearer to establish some different interpretation – the nonencoded part of meaning. Moreover, given the full array of rhetorical effects such as metaphor, irony, etc. , all of which are uses of expressions in context in some sense, the proposed approach maintains a natural separation between literal uses of words, which are reflected in sentence-meanings, and the various non-literal uses to which they may be put. Knowledge of language: sentence-meanings as partial specifications of interpretation The problem for this â€Å"clean† view is that we use commonsense reasoning, whatever this consists in, not merely in working out why a speaker has said something, but also in establishing what she has said in using the words chosen. The overall picture of interpretation is that grammar-internal principles articulate both syntactic and semantic structure for sentences, a semantic structure for a sentence being an incomplete specification of how it is understood. Pragmatic theory explains how such incomplete specifications are enriched in context to yield  the full communicative effect of an uttered sentence, whether metaphorical, ironical, and so on. The Process of Reasoning: How Do Hearers ever Manage to Choose the Right Interpretation? Grice’s cooperative principle and the conversational maxims According to Grice who was the pioneer of the inferential approach to conversation, there is a general assumption underpinning all utterance interpretation that the interpretation of utterances is a collaborative enterprise. This 8collaborative enterprise is structured by a number of maxims, which speakers are presumed to obey: †¢ The maxim of quality: do not say that for which you lack evidence; do not say what you believe to be false. †¢ The maxim of relevance: be relevant. †¢ The maxim of quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more so. †¢ The maxim of manner: be perspicuous (avoid obscurity, avoid ambiguity, be brief, be orderly). Grice articulated the maxims as a means of simplifying the overall account of the relation between the use of language in logical arguments and the conversational use of language. Relevance theory This theory claims to characterize pragmatic phenomena in terms of a single  cognitive concept, that of relevance, replacing the social underpinnings of Grice’s cooperative principle. The principle of relevance Optimal relevance is getting the right balance between size and type of context and amount of information derived. The more information some stimulus yields, the more relevant it is said to become, but the more effort the interpretation of that stimulus requires, the less relevant it will become. And to be minimally relevant a stimulus must lead to at least one non-trivial inference being derived. However interpretation of an act of communication involves two agents – the  speaker and the hearer. The constraint of balancing cognitive effect with cognitive effort will also apply to what the hearer does, but here the task of interpretation is more specific because the hearer has to try and recover what the speaker intended to convey. There are two aspects to the task: 1 Decoding the information associated with an uttered expression– i. e. working out what words have been said and the information that they by definition carry. 2 Making choices which enrich that encoded information to establish what the speaker had intended to convey using those words. Relevance and speech acts  On the speech act view of language, language can best be understood in terms of acts such as these which speakers carry out in using language. The observation by speech act theorists that there is more to language than just describing things is quite uncontentious. Nonetheless, in relevance theory, where the type of implications that can be drawn is quite unrestricted, there is no need of any special discrete categories for such different kinds of act. 5. Linguistic typology and its directions (14) 1 The Diversity of Human Languages The field of linguistic typology explores the diversity of human language in an  effort to understand it. The basic principle behind typology is that one must look at as wide a range of languages as possible in order to grasp both the diversity of 9language and to discover its limits. Typology uses a fundamentally empirical, comparative, and inductive method in the study of language. That is, typologists examine grammatical data from a wide variety of languages, and infer generalizations about language from that data. The basic discovery of typology is that there are limits to linguistic diversity. By comparing diverse languages and discovering universal grammatical patterns, one can attempt to disentangle what is  universal about the grammars languages from what is peculiar to each individual language. 2 The Nature of Language Universals: Word Order One of the first areas of grammar where it was recognized that there are limits to grammatical diversity was the order of words. Word order is probably the most immediately salient difference in grammatical patterns from one language to the next. First, one must examine a sample of languages in order to infer the range of grammatical diversity and its limits. A variety sample collects as broad a range of languages as possible from different geographical areas and different genetic  groupings. Its purpose is to ensure that all possible language types are identified. Second, one must be able to identify phenomena from one language to the next as comparable. The basic problem here is the great variety of grammatical structures used in the world’s languages. The solution to this problem is due to another insight of structuralism: the basic unit of the language is the sign, a form that conventionally expresses or encodes a meaning. The basis for cross-linguistic comparison is a particular linguistic meaning; once that is identified, we may examine the different structures used to encode that meaning. Third, we must identify a range of grammatical patterns or types used to express the linguistic meaning being examined, and classify languages according to what type(s) is / are used in them. For instance, in describing word order of the sentence, the relative position of subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) are used to classify language types. Language structure is determined by factors of language use, such as processing. Language structure is also determined by historical relationships among grammatical patterns, which themselves are due to similarity in meaning. However, these factors do not uniquely determine a language structure, but  compete with each other. Speech communities resolve the competing motivations in arbitrary, language-particular ways; this leads to the diversity of languages found in the world. 3 Language Universals and the Formal Encoding of Meaning Word order universals appear to be motivated in terms of processing of linguistic structure in the act of producing and comprehending language. Word order is a fundamental grammatical property of sentences. 3. 1 Typological markedness and morphological representation 10Some of the earliest work in typology examined the coding of grammatical and  lexical concepts in inflected word forms. The universals go under the name of (typological) markedness. Typological markedness represents an asymmetric pattern of the expression of meaning in grammatical categories across languages. Typological markedness has two central characteristics. First, typological markedness is a property of conceptual categories – e. g. singular and plural – or more precisely, how those conceptual categories are expressed in languages. For number, the singular is unmarked and the plural is marked. Second, unmarked status does not imply that the unmarked member is always left unexpressed and the marked member is always expressed by an overt morpheme. The presence / absence of an overt inflection encoding a conceptual category is only one symptom of markedness, namely structural coding. Typological markedness is found in another aspect of the coding of concepts in words and constructions. Most words in sentences express more than one conceptual category. Pronouns in English, for instance, can express gender as well as number. In English, neither the singular nor plural pronouns express number by a separate inflection; instead number is implicitly expressed by distinct forms such as he and  they. The grammatical coding of additional, cross-cutting, distinctions in the singular but not in the plural is an example of the second symptom of markedness, called behavioral potential. Behavioral potential is also represented by an implicational universal: If the marked member of a category grammatically expresses a crosscutting distinction, so does the unmarked member. A third property of typological markedness points to its underlying explanation. The unmarked member is more frequent than the marked member in language use. Concepts that occur more frequently in language use (e. g. singular) will tend to be expressed by fewer morphemes than less frequently occurring concepts (e. g. plural). This explanation for how meaning is encoded in grammatical form is a processing explanation, called economy or economic motivation. 3. 2 Hierarchies and conceptual spaces We can describe the cross-linguistic distribution of plural markings across classes of pronouns and nouns with the animacy hierarchy. The hierarchy is a succinct way to capture a chain of implicational universals: if any class of words has a plural, then all the classes to the left (or higher) on the hierarchy have a plural. These  patterns are defined over a conceptual space. The conceptual space describes a network of relationships among conceptual categories which exist in the human mind and which constrains how conceptual categories are expressed in grammar. Grammatical change must follow the links in conceptual space. For instance, a plural marking spreads from left to right in the animacy space. Conceptual spaces specify what grammatical category groupings are found in, and how constructions spread (or retreat) over time in their application to grammatical categories. If we compare absence vs. presence of case marking on nouns for the grammatical  11 relations hierarchy, we find that absence of case marking occurs at he higher end of the hierarchy, and presence thereof at the lower end of the hierarchy. The grammatical relations hierarchy also defines the distribution of verb agreement across languages. Verb agreement is associated with the higher end of the grammatical relations hierarchy – the ability to trigger verb agreement indicates the greater behavioral potential of the grammatical relation. These facts demonstrate that the two grammatical relations hierarchies in fact reflect a deeper cross-linguistic universal pattern, found in many different parts of the grammar of languages. 3. 3 Economy and iconicity Economic motivation: the more frequently used category is more likely to be reduced in expression or left unexpressed. Iconic motivation the structure of language reflects the structure of concepts. In the example, each conceptual category, both singular and plural, are overtly encoded in the word form. A subtype of iconicity called isomorphism: the correspondence between forms and meanings. There are two ways in which isomorphism occur in human languages. The first way is in the correspondence of forms and meanings in the combination of words and inflections in a sentence. This is called syntagmatic isomorphism. Economic and iconic motivation compete to produce the range of attested and unattested correspondences between form and meaning. There are 3 predicted patterns. Overt expression is iconically motivated: there is a one-to-one correspondence between meanings and forms. However, it is only moderately economically motivated: it is more economical than expressing a meaning with more than one word or morpheme, but less economical than not expressing the meaning at all. Non-expression of a particular meaning, such as the singular of English nouns like car-O (vs.plural book-s), is economically motivated: zero expression breaks one-to-one correspondence between forms and meanings. The third possible option, zero marking of both singular and plural, corresponds to the absence of expression of the category. This option is economically motivated: either the meaning can be inferred from context, or it is not relevant to the communication. There is another economically motivated pattern of expressing meaning in form: the combination or fusion of discrete meanings in a single form. For example, the suffix -s in English run-s indicates 3rd person subject, singular  subject and present tense, all in a single suffix. In other languages, inflectional categories are found in separate suffixes, as in Turkish. The second type of isomorphism is the correspondence between form and meaning in the inventory of words stored in the mind; paradigmatic isomorphism. 12The possible means of expression of meanings in words are limited by economy and iconicity. Unmotivated possibility: the existence of more than one word with the same meaning, synonymy. It is not iconically motivated. A one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy. It isiconic ally motivated but not that economically motivated: we would need very many words to express each discrete meaning. Homonymy is economically motivated, but it is not iconically motivated (many unrelated meanings are expressed by a single form). By far the most common state of affairs in languages, however, is polysemy: the grouping of related meanings under a single form. Polysemy is economically motivated because it subsumes several meanings under a single form, as with homonymy. It is iconically motivated, because the meanings are related. 4 The Dynamic Approach to Language Universals The most common word.

Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career Perception

Factors Affecting Hospitality Graduates Career Perception Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the key attributes, which affects the hospitality graduates to take up a career in hospitality industry. The research is mainly focused on the students in university studying hospitality and to conduct this research in more effective manner past research is also been studied for detailed understanding. The methodology used to conduct this research will be quantitative method, asking students on campus to fill out the questionnaire, which will answer questions about factors affecting and their perception about taking up career in hospitality industry. In addition to identifying the key reasons, this research will also address the specific issues related to employment in hospitality industries for instances long working hours, no benefits and poor work life balances. The outcome of this research will be more beneficial for the tutors to understand the importance of providing right exposure to students about hospitality culture. It will als o benefit managers and hospitality recruiters to understand their employees and address the current issues related to job satisfaction. Overall this research will contribute to increase customer satisfaction and assist with one of the major challenge which is high employee turnover rate. Introduction Hospitality is one of the fastest growing and popular industries around the world. Customer service is the backbone of hospitality and to customer satisfaction we need manpower. According to (Noone, Kimes, and Mattila, 2007) customer satisfaction is directly linked to customer retention. Unhappy and dissatisfied guest will never return and hence we may end up loosing the business. However it is important to understand the vital aspect in providing great customer service to the guest is staff. Without great staff it is impossible to run the hospitality industry. It is requires more manpower, compare to any other sectors, as customer service is the vital task and it cannot be replaced by machines, therefore lot of employees are required to run the operation (Hayes and Ninemeier, 2009). With its rapid growth, it is in high demand of skilled manpower and which is why many universities have started offering courses in hospitality and tourism. The positive part is many universities and col leges have different level of courses to support the growing industry, at the same time it is also creating a negative impact on the students who are currently enrolled in the courses. The previous research have founded that students usually do not join the industry after completing their courses (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990). There are many reasons behind lack of commitment from students such as long working hours, low salaries, fewer benefits and poor working atmospheres (Roney and Oztin, 2007). This negative impact further can be seen in the customer service offered at the different hospitality organization, which then leads to employee turnovers. Therefore it is very essential that students should enter the organization in right frame of mind. Students believe to have wrong impressions either from their tutors or sometimes due to their personal experience at work. Eventually they may end up leaving the industry forever and hence it is important for the tutors and also managers to i dentify these issues to avoid problems and future benefits for both employees and employers. Literature Review There were several research carried out in past to determine the student perceptions about taking hospitality as career. To conduct this research previous research on these issues was been reviewed to help understand the issue in better way. Working Atmosphere It has been noticed over the period that hospitality industry is changing generations by generations according to (Gursoy, Maier and Chi, 2008) hospitality industry has always seen a vast difference between previous and current generation. One of the issues with students in taking up career in hospitality is the working atmosphere as they prefer to work in the environment which is more challenging, change and goal driven, they also love to have feedbacks (Chen and Choi, 2008). Previously employees had no connection with their managers directly as managers would dictate the jobs to supervisors and then the same would be conveyed to the employees. This cycle of communication hence lead to lack of interaction with the managers and since the employees were not qualified enough, they would perform the task as taught by their line supervisors, without understanding the importance or putting in some efforts to enhance it with their own creativity. But as the time passed and hospitality indu stry started booming around the globe, it changed the entire concept of customer service skill. Earlier it was just basic accommodation and food service but today it is more about the guest experience, customer service and retaining them. This is when lot of institution came up with hospitality courses to learn the skills and gain knowledge about hospitality. After taking up the education in hospitality students who entered the industry with skills and qualification found problems to work with older generation (Gursoy et al., 2008). Hospitality industry is totally dependent on manpower and therefore it is very important to have positive attitude people, who can motivate others. Staff can only be positive if the working atmosphere is pleasant and healthy and really matters to people when choosing their career paths (Sibson, 2011). Therefore (Gursoy et al. 2008, p. 454) states that The hospitality industry will need to develop new standards of human resource management in order to successfully connect with a multi- generational workforce. It is possible that a top-down and bureaucratic management and leadership style may not be effective with younger generations of employees. Social Status According to many students hospitality industry is glamours industry and their misconception about the same leads them to disappointment. This happens when the reality strikes after completing education and entering into the industry for their first job experience. As per (Bashar et al, 2013) some student also felt that choosing career in the hospitality will have great impact on the social status and will have good job opportunities. However in reality after completing studies, they have to start from the base positions like waiter/waitress or housekeeper. This really disappoints them because according to them they do not need qualification or education of so many years for this kind of jobs (Tan, 2016). Past Experiences As mentioned above it is one of the important aspects for the students to have right mindset when they are entering into actual job. Most often tutor educating students have no physical experience in the industry and fail to provide realities of the industry (Brown, 2015). It has also been noticed in past researches that students who take up studies in hospitality is required to have some work experience in form of on job trainings or internships to experience the industry culture. Also some students during their studies take up part time jobs to gain field experience. However these experiences sometimes do not turn out to be positive due to lack of correct exposure and guidance from right people. This leaves students with a negative impression and makes them to change their perception about career in hospitality (Richardson, 2008). Long Working Hours and Low Wages Hospitality industry is totally dependent on the manpower as it involves customer service as a main task and it cannot be replaced by machines. Since it is labor intensive industry it usually requires working for long hours. This is another attribute which affects the students perception about hospitality as a career. Study which was conducted by (Richardson, 2010) is that students believes that working hours in hospitality industry are always more than 8 hours which affects the work life balance and also there was less scope to develop the career. Low wage is also one of the major issues as per students (Lu and Adler, 2008). As per (Wong and Kos, 2009) factors which can drive students in taking up hospitality as a career are flexi working hours, work life balance, rewards for working extra hours and should have freedom to reduce the working hours as per their convenience. Some studies carried out on students of generation Y by (Choi and Kwon, 2013) prove that students expect their w orkplace to be fun loving and relaxed compare to strict environments. Finally to conclude it seems that above reasons are the main reasons for students changing their mind about career in hospitality. This gap should be addressed by tutors if they make students aware about the reality of the hospitality and give them a clear understanding. Also it is essential that tutors providing education about hospitality must have some industry experience at least, to have a realistic approach during teaching. Other strategy would be inviting guest speakers to colleges for addressing doubts of student on working in hospitality related to long working hours, work life balances and working atmosphere. However this is not the complete solutions to the factors stated above to change the students perception about hospitality as a career. Hence further investigation is required to understand the issue and expert advice on the same will be beneficial. Methodology As the research is focused on students, the ideal location for this research will be college campus. Pilot study will be carried out in order to cut down the cost and time, to derive the outcome from limited participants. Participants for this research will be students mostly undergraduates students who are studying hospitality or post graduate students who have taken hospitality as a specialization. To conduct this research approach of quantitative methodology will be applied for collecting data. A set of questionnaires will be designed keeping in mind the research topic. It will consist questions about their perception about career in hospitality, barriers in hospitality industry which can influence them to leave the industry, what are the positive aspects which can make them stay and necessary improvements which can be implemented to the current job structure. In addition to this questionnaires will also include demographic information of the students, age, sex, and gender. Timeline Schedule Objective Week 1 Conducting research to select topics related to the contemporary issues in hospitality and finalizing the topic. Week 2 Researching on the scholarly journal articles related to the topic for drafting literature review. Week 3 Start writing introduction about the topic and literature review to support the research topic with the help of selected scholarly journal articles. Week 4-5 Developing questions related to research topic and analyzing possible approaches to gain maximum response. Week 6 Connecting with field experts for doubts and questions about the research topic for more knowledge and findings. Week 7 Refining and designing research questions and distributing them to students on campus. Week 8 Analyzing the data collected from questionnaire for results and findings. Week 9-10 Working on data collected to draft report with findings achieved from questionnaire. Week 11-12 Assembling all the data together, formatting and finalizing the report. References Bashar A.A.M., Hamam T.A. (2013). Motivation of students to study tourism hospitality programs. International Journal of Asian social science, 3(7), 1637-1647. Brown, E. A., Thomas, N. J., Bosselman, R. H. (2015). Are they leaving or staying: A qualitative analysis of turnover issues for Generation Y hospitality employees with a hospitality education. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, 130-137. Chen, P., Choi, Y. (2008). Generational differences in work values: A study of hospitality management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(6), 595-615. Choi, Y.G., Kwon, J. (2013). Effects of attitudes vs. experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25, 410-427. Gursoy, D., Maier, T.A., Chi, C.G. (2008). Generational differences: An examination of work values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448- 458. Hayes, D. K., Ninemeier, J. D. (2009). Human resource management in the hospitality industry. Canada, United States of America: John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NewJersey. Lu, T., Adler, H. (2008). Career goals and expectations of hospitality and tourism students in China. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 9, 63-80. doi: 10.1080/15313220903041972. Noone, B. M., Kimes, S. E., Mattila, A.S. (2007). The effect of meal pace on customer satisfaction. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 48, 231-245. Pavesic, D. V., Brymer, R. A. (1990). Job Satisfaction: Whats Happening to the Young Managers? The Cornell H.R.A. Quarterly, 31(1), 90-96. Richardson, S. (2008). Undergraduate tourism and hospitality students attitudes toward a career in the industry: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 8(1), 23-46. doi: 10.1080/15313220802410112 Richardson, S. (2010). Tourism and hospitality students perceptions of a career in the industry: A comparison of domestic (Australian) students and international students studying in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 17(1), 1-11. Roney , S. A., Oztin, P. (2007). Career perceptions of undergraduate tourism students: a case study in Turkey. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport Tourism Education, 6(1), 4-17. Sibson, R. (2011). Career choice perceptions of undergraduate event, sport and recreation management students: An Australian case study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Education (Pre-2012), 10(2), 50. Tan, Z. M. A., Baharun, N., Wazir, N. M., Ngelambong, A. A., Ali, N. M., Ghazali, N., Tarmazi, S. A. A. (2016). Graduates Perception on the Factors Affecting Commitment to Pursue Career in the Hospitality Industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 416-420. Wong, S. C., Ko, A. (2009). Exploratory study of understanding hotel employees perception on work-life balance issues. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 195- 203. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.07.001