Analyse Vitai Lampada Essay Example

Analyse Vitai Lampada Essay Example Analyse Vitai Lampada Paper Analyse Vitai Lampada Paper Essay Topic: poem In my view, Vitai Lampada is a poem of strength and power. It illustrates war through the use of the imagery of soldiers playing games . The patriotic references appear to be out of place with the historical context of that time. The author, Henry Newbolt, writes about war in this way, so that he can get his view of war across in a more defined manner. The poem has a positive air about it and is written with a fast tempo and quick rhythm, using a lot of rhymes and anaphoric phrasing. Newbolt uses short lines with very few syllables per line. The poem shows the writer to be very exact in his choice of words. We learn for example that the participants of the war are patriotic soldiers. Finally, he also uses very precise poetic techniques using grammar to control the pace. Newbolt shows war as almost a game. He does this by using certain phrases, especially Play up! Play up! Play the game! Games are used as a metaphor of what war can do and the impact of war, which he likens to a game of cricket. He illustrates this very clearly in the first paragraph. This is a very good device used in the poem Newbolts first paragraph, portrays a game of cricket and introduces us to this idea of playing the game. Also, this first paragraph introduces the player, who is to be the deciding batter on who wins or loses the game, and does everything for his captain. We know this because in the poem it says But his Captains hand on his shoulder smote, in reference to why the batter would give the game his best effort for his captain. This paves the way for the soldiers during the war to fight and be brave for their commanding officer. The tone of Newbolts poem contrasts greatly with many poems written about the First World War. He has a more traditionalist view like that of poets who have written about previous wars as for example the poet Tennyson in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. Despite all the bloodshed and the death, which are illustrated in metaphoric lines like The river of death has brimmed his banks, and The sand of the desert is sodden red Newbolt still gives war the feeling of it being a game, and of there being hope, by ending with the phrase But the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks: Play up! Play up! Play the game! The tone and voice of the poems is very strong and powerful and intended to beat to rhythm and pace. The lines Play up exemplify this! Play up! Play the game! These are short sharp lines with seven, eight or nine syllables per line and short words, e. g. An hour to play and the last man in, and the rhyming in the poem, eg. The sand of the desert is sodden red The Gatlings jammed and the captains dead. However, despite the fast pace, he also slows the pace before significant lines such as Play up! Play up! Play the game! by adding in colons and hyphens. Lastly, Newbolt emphasizes the patriotic fervour of the soldiers by his word use, e. g. This they all with a joyful mind, Bear through it like a torch in flame, joyful adds to the game idea and a torch of flame signifies power, strength might etc as it was commonly used in medieval battles and has been recreated especially well in the Lord of the Rings trilogy with the armies battling at night. The patriotism is emphasized by the phrases referring to her meaning England. It is also emphasized by the story-like nature of the poem. It has a beginning in which it introduces the idea of the game, a middle in which he describes the battle and incorporates the idea of a game and an end, which talks about the battle being recalled and the soldiers being heroes. It is especially the last paragraph that confirms the feeling of patriotism and commitment to the war effort. To conclude my analysis of Newbolts poem Vitai Lampada I can say that the poem, in my opinion, is a very strong, quick and powerful poem, mainly due to the rhythm and poetic techniques, and it is also a patriotic poem which illustrates the nature of war as likened on to a game.

Conjugating Spanish Indicative Imperfect Verbs

Conjugating Spanish Indicative Imperfect Verbs As one of Spanishs two simple past tenses, the imperfect indicative has a conjugation that is essential to learn. It is the verb form used most often to describe conditions as they existed in the past, to provide background to events, and to describe habitual actions. Using Estudiar as an Example Conjugation As with some other conjugation forms, the imperfect indicative forms are made by removing the infinitive ending of the verb (-ar, -er or -ir) and replacing it with an ending that indicates who is performing the action of the verb. For example, the infinitive form of the verb that means to study is estudiar. Its infinitive ending is -ar, leaving the stem of estudi-. To say I was studying, add -aba to the stem, forming estudiaba. To say you were studying (singular informal), add -abas to the stem, forming estudiabas. Other forms exist for other persons. (Note: In this lesson, the forms was studying, was learning and so on are used to translate the imperfect indicative. Other translations also could be used, such as used to study or even studied. The translation used depends on the context.) The endings are quite different for verbs that end in -er and -ir, but the principle is the same. Remove the infinitive ending, then add the appropriate ending to the remaining stem. List of Conjugations for the Imperfect Tense The following chart shows the conjugations for each of the three infinitive types. The added endings for each verb are indicated in boldface. The pronouns, often not needed in sentences, are included here for clarity. -Ar verbs using lavar  (to clean) as an example: yo lavaba (I was cleaning)tà º lavabas (you were cleaning)à ©l/ella/usted lavaba (he was cleaning, she was cleaning, you were cleaning)nosotros/nosotras lavbamos (we were cleaning)vosotros/vosotras lavabais (you were cleaning)ellos/ellas/ustedes lavaban (they were cleaning, you were cleaning) -Er verbs using aprender (to learn) as an example: yo aprendà ­a (I was learning)tà º aprendà ­as (you were learning)à ©l/ella/usted aprendà ­a (he was learning, she was learning, you were learning)nosotros/nosotras aprendà ­amos (we were learning)vosotros/vosotras aprendà ­ais (you were learning)ellos/ellas/ustedes aprendà ­an (they were learning, you were learning) -Ir verbs using escribir (to write) as an example: yo escribà ­a (I was writing)tà º escribà ­as (you were writing)à ©l/ella/usted escribà ­a (he was writing, she was writing, you were writing)nosotros/nosotras escribà ­amos (we were writing)vosotros/vosotras escribà ­ais (you were writing)ellos/ellas/ustedes escribà ­an (they were writing, you were writing) As you may notice, the -er and -ir verbs follow the same pattern in the imperfect indicative. Also, the first- and third-person singular forms (the I and he/she/it/you forms) are the same. Thus estudiaba could mean I was studying, he was studying, she was studying or you were studying. If the context doesnt otherwise indicate, a pronoun or subject noun is used before the verb in such cases to indicate who is performing the action. Irregular Verbs Only three verbs (and the verbs derived from them, such as prever) are irregular in the imperfect tense: Ir (to go): yo iba (I was going)tà º ibas (you were going)à ©l/ella/usted iba (he was going, she was going, you were going)nosotros/nosotras à ­bamos (we were going)vosotros/vosotras ibis (you were going)ellos/ellas/ustedes iban (they were going, you were going) Ser (to be): yo era (I was)tà º eras (you were)à ©l/ella/usted era (he was, she was, you were)nosotros/nosotras à ©ramos (we were)vosotros/vosotras erais (you were)ellos/ellas/ustedes eran (they were, you were) Ver (to see): yo veà ­a (I was seeing)tà º veà ­as (you were seeing)à ©l/ella/usted veà ­a (he was seeing, she was seeing, you were seeing)nosotros/nosotras veà ­amos (we were seeing)vosotros/vosotras veà ­ais (you were seeing)ellos/ellas/ustedes veà ­an (they were seeing, you were seeing) Sample Sentences: Llamà ³ a la policà ­a mientras yo compraba drogas. (She called the police while I was buying drugs.)Asà ­ vestà ­amos hace 100 aà ±os. (This is how we dressed 100 years ago.)Se saturaba el aire con olores. (The air was saturated with odors.) ¿Quà © hacà ­an los famosos antes de convertirse en estrellas? (What did the famous people do before they became stars?)Estaba claro que no querà ­ais otra cosa. (It was clear you didnt want another thing.)  Creo que todos eran inocentes. (I believe all were innocent.)En Buenos Aires comprbamos los regalos de Navidad. (We bought Christmas gifts in Buenos Aires.)Los indà ­genas vivà ­amos en un estado de infrahumanidad. (We indigenous people lived a state of subhumanity.)

The difference between the economy in Qatar and Germany ( personal Research Paper

The difference between the economy in Qatar and Germany ( personal opinion ) - Research Paper Example Qatar has a huge natural reserve of gas unlike Germany which depends on other centuries. Oil and gas has diversified the economy of Qatar which gave development in area like chemicals, cement, steel, fertilizer industries and banking. The country largely depends on oil and gas reserve whereas Germany depends on service industry. The 70% of GDP depends upon the service sector. Qatar is a Muslim country and the official language is Arabic whereas the Germany has German as German as official language with no specific religious concentration. Germany is a highly developed nation and has been a world power since centuries. In comparison, Qatar is a country which has developed in recent years and has no historical value. Qatar is now the riches country in Islamic world and has been a pearl fishing country before its concentration on oil and gas. The country Germany specializes in engineering and specializes in fields like automobiles, metals, chemical goods and machinery. Germany is the le ading producer of solar power technology and wind turbines in the world. The country also holds large international trade fairs and congresses in many of cities like Berlin, Frankfurt and Hanover. In this area, Qatar lacks behind as it is not into engineering sector. In case of production of goods and services the country lags behind. Germany is a leader in manufacturing, educational and service sector while Qatar is only leading in gas and oil supply. Qatar is back in educational system with a very few universities and academies and the population of the country is low in educational standards. Germany is a renowned car producer with famous brands like Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz and BMW whereas Qatar is a consumer of these classy cars. Germany is a country which huge corporate like Adidas, PUMA, Siemens, Allianz, Daimler whereas Qatar has no huge corporate. Germany is a permanent member of United Nations Security Council while Qatar is not. Germany is the founding member of the EU a nd also is a part of all international organizations. As per ( Thomas White) â€Å"While rooted in its past, Germany is also a cosmopolitan and dynamic country offering something for everyone†. Qatar is a recently developed country and it is still developing. The country is currently is under â€Å"Qatarization† and in which the Qatari nationals are given priority in positions of authority in all large companies. Since more and more Qatari nationals who are educated in foreign countries are returning home they are given preference in occupation. Qatar has a market economy and has much freedom score and is rated 27th freest in 2013 index. It has much improvement in government spending and monetary freedom comparing to other 15 countries in Middle East region and is ranked at 2nd among them. Qatar’s economy is â€Å"mostly free† with stable economic freedom. As per (Heritage) â€Å"As reflected in the country’s steady improvement in economic freedom since 2008, the Qatari government has pursued reforms to improve the entrepreneurial environment and broaden the economic base beyond oil and gas†. Although, the country is rich, it has a lack of educated work force in economy. Most of the working population is expatriates from India, Philippines and other South Asian countries. However, Germany as a developed nation has a social market economy. It is competitive economy which oppresses socialism. In it

Manging People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manging People - Essay Example It depends upon the manager/ leader how he manages people. Most of the businesses now structure their employees in group and every group has a manager and in more general terms leader. Every group is given a project or a task which is to be accomplished. It is the responsibility of the manager that the project is completed before the deadline and the group is functioning smoothly. Thus the companies' owner or the people who appoint manager should keep several things in mind like the organizational skills of a person, his temperament and his communication skills. To evaluate the best choice amongst candidates the interviewers should conduct a detailed interview. Observation skills can be very helpful in determining the right choice thus the owner should appoint a manager on temporary bases and after the manger proves himself he should be made permanent. Another way of determining if the person appointed is capable is by having discussions with team members under that manager. The owner should ask team members if they are facing any kind of difficulties because of the manger. Thus after thorough evaluation it becomes quite obvious if the person chosen for the job is capable or not. Choosing the right person is so essential that if this decision is made wrong the overall performance of the company can get affected. Characteristics of an Ideal Manager Every characteristic which proves to create solidarity and harmony amongst the team members is an important characteristic. The manager should even have qualities which would enhance motivation and honesty of the team members towards the job and the team members. If a manager is very criticizing or points out tiny mistakes of his team members the effect of it would be that the employee would develop hatred for his manager. Thus instead of discussing projects with manger the team member would start hiding work. Another thing is that if a manger responds brusquely to questions and interruptions the team members would eventually leave you alone. They will not raise problems, they will not question your instructions, and they will struggle on bravely. Your behavior may result in a swamp of errors, unguided activity and absolute dissatisfaction. Then there is motivation a manager should be highly motivating he should have the quality to praise good work and should be habitual of highlighting god work of employees. A manger should always be their to support, encourage and help his team members. These qualities always give a team member an effect that the manager is his friend more then his boss thus loyalty towards work increases. Then there is setting targets a manger should have the capability of setting standards that is dividing a major task into sub tasks. The criterion on which a manger assigns these tasks is very important a manager should be aware of every team member's abilities hence if a manger assigns jobs according to personal capabilities the result would be very effective, quality of the job would be remarkable and all team members would feel satisfied with their jobs. Then there is advancements if a team members is working very hard and still getting no promotion he might get clumsy and the spirit of working would die therefore a

Nurses' Use of Water-Filled Gloves in Preventing Heel Pressure Essay

Nurses' Use of Water-Filled Gloves in Preventing Heel Pressure Ulcer in the University college hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria - Essay Example The interpretations considers the limitations cited by the researcher. When pick samples data organization was considered. â€Å"†¦ two units and who met the inclusion criteria constitute the study participants† (Polit & Beck, 2014, p. 473) The evidence given was the numeric data collected from the pick sample. The participant in the sample provided a rigid support for the results.† †¦have never used it in spite of its availability and common use as submitted bya nurse in one of the wards† (Adejumo &Ingwu, 2010 P. 474) The findings from the study were explained in light of other previous studies. â€Å"This is in support of Watson (19), who maintained that unless a nurse learns from experience, the learning is not good (Adejumo &Ingwu, 2010 p.476) In some instances, the researchers made some indefensible spontaneous inferences. â€Å"†¦ which does not make it scientific and as such lacks basis for clinical decision making.† (Adejumo &Ingwu, 2010 p.476) The rationales for rejecting alternatives were defective in that research involves search of information from a variety of sources.† In hypothesis testing, researchers assume that the null hypothesis is true and then gather evidence to disprove it.† (Polit & Beck, 2014, P. 230) The interpretation accounted for precision of the results. â€Å"In our study, the probability of obtaining a value of 71.0% female by chance alone was less than 1 in 10,000.† (Polit & Beck, 2014, p.230) The researchers pointed out the differences between practical and statistical significance. â€Å"†¦they are not well-suited for testing actual research hypotheses about the absence of relationships between variables or about equivalence between groups.† (Polit & Beck, 2014, P. 258) Some unwarranted generalization was evident in the results of the research. â€Å"Although it is difficult to depend on the rating of nurses based simply on their perception, success or failure of WFGs in prevention of heel PUs is difficult to

Marketing Activities To Affect The Potential Buyer Influences Marketing Essay

Marketing Activities To Affect The Potential Buyer Influences Marketing Essay This assignment will be addressing the issues faced by a company operating in the highly competitive sportswear market in the United Kingdom. The issues presented in the assignment will be discussed in relation with the changing nature of consumer behaviour. Firstly, it is vital to analyse the current position of the company as follows. SOLE-RUN Sole-Run is a company operating in sportswear market in the United Kingdom specialising in football boots. It is said that the firm has entered the sportswear market at a quite late stage of the market development which can be assumed to be at a stage where the market was maturing with high competition from the market leaders like Adidas and Nike. However, Sole-Run was able to capture 12% of the market share despite not having either the production capacity or the financial budgets to compete with such market leaders. On the other hand, it is said that fashionable trainers remain as the largest single part of the sports footwear market. While it was found that customers valued comfort and did not want to pay high price research findings also showed that low-to medium priced trainers provided the same levels of comfort as high priced trainers where paying a higher price for trainers did not ensure a higher quality or a higher level of comfort. Sole-Run is currently facing difficulties in increasing its sales despite the high potential market for trainers as consumers are buying trainers as a piece of fashionable clothing as well as for sports especially among the teenagers and older people with high disposable income. SPORTS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR In order to identify as how Sole-Run can influence the consumer purchase it is essential to understand the consumer behaviour of this particular market. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010) consumer buying behaviour is the individual purchasing or consuming decision of an individual or household and whoever buys goods and services for personal consumption. Sports consumer behaviour is the process involved when individuals select, purchase, use, and dispose of sport related products and services to satisfy needs and receive benefits (Funk, 2008). This process is created by a desire to seek sports consumption experiences that provides benefits and satisfy needs (Funk, 2008). TASK 1- BUYER INFLUENCE AND PURCHASING PROCESS 1.1 WHAT IS BUYER INFLUENCE? Buyer influences will affect the degree of motivation in consumers to make purchasing decisions. On the other hand the level of involvement in sports will also affect the decision making. It is important for Sole-Rune to understand the consumers buying behaviour when designing a marketing strategy for its sports-fashion wear trainers or any other sports related products. Involvement involves represent a state of motivation with regard to a product, an activity, or an object (Rothschild, 1984). This state of motivation reflects the level of arousal, interest, or drive evoked by a particular sports stimuli or situation that influences consumer behaviour (Mitchelle, 1979). 1.2. INTERNAL INFLUENCES Generally consumer behaviour can be influenced by factors such as motivation, learning and perception which are known as internal factors. Also called as personal factors these gives the ability for the consumer to directly benefit from the product. 1.3. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES Social norms are a prominent external factor influencing consumer buyer behaviour. As pointed out by Kotler and Armstrong (2010) consumer purchases are influenced by forces such as social, cultural, individual and psychological. Cultural characteristics consists of the set of basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviours learned by an individual from being a member of a society. In this context Sole-Run will have to identify the cultural characteristics of the potential British based consumers who tend to be highly fashion conscious. Social characteristics on the other hand consists of social factors such as the targeted consumers relation to small groups, family and social roles. Individual characteristics can be regarded as the consumers age, economic situations and occupation. Psychological factors consist of the motivation, perception and beliefs and attitudes of the targeted potential consumers. Here it is evident that the targeted consumers for the sports-fashion trainers come from social groups which consist of individual characters of fashion conscious teenagers and old consumers who have high disposable income. 1.4. MARKETING ACTIVITIES TO AFFECT THE POTENTIAL BUYER INFLUENCES According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM), marketing can be defined as a managerial process whereby you indentify, anticipate and satisfy customer needs and wants for a profit. In order to come up with marketing strategies that will affect potential buyer influences, it is vital that Sole-Run have a better understanding on the consumers decision making as this will not only increase consumer demand but will also help to sustain its demand. While Sole-Run should identify properly its market segments in order to design targeted marketing activities, it is said that the teenagers and older people with high disposable income are the highest consumer purchasers in the sports-fashion trainers market. On the other hand, it is also found through research that consumers do not wish to pay high prices for trainers while seeking for comfort. As it is said that Sole-Run does not possess adequate financial budgets, it is evident that Sole-Run cannot invest on large scale nationwide marketing activities by advertising on mass media such as television and on radio to influence potential buyers. The starting point of Sole-Run can be to influence the potential consumers by providing information about its sports-fashion wear trainers consisting of the marketing mix in other words, the product, price, place of availability and promotions. This information will lead the potential observable buyers to respond to product choice, brand choice, dealer choice, purchasing timing and amount. It is said that sports events play a significant role in a communitys marketing and branding strategy (Higham Hinch, 2003). Hence Sole-Run can target more local or regional sports events which are less costly in terms of marketing budget compared to national events. Sole-Run can have special promotions in its outlets for the first time buyers. Also, by having direct marketing campaigns online which is less costly and highly effective compared to television or radio advertisement, the company can easily target the technology savvy teenagers such as by uploading videos on YouTube, and creating pages on popular social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter encouraging them to comment and give their opinions on the trainers perhaps with special discount codes online which the potential buyers can redeem when purchasing in-store. On the other hand Sole-Run will be encouraging interactive marketing online where consumers will start conversation online about the Sole-Run trainers creating positive network influence for the company among others targeted consumers. On the other hand, in order to target the older consumers who has high disposable income, Sole-Run can advertise on sports related magazines and financial newspapers which are read by these targeted consumers and sponsor events created by sports clubs where these potential consumers can be found. TASK 2 ROGERS DIFFUSION CURVE AND ADOPTION MODEL 2.1. ROGERS DIFFUSION CURVE- Predicting buyer behaviour becomes particularly important with innovations and is particularly important in decisions concerning new product developments. Rogers (1962) attempted differentiate consumers according to their response to innovative products and identified five types of consumers based on the idea that certain individuals are inevitably more open to adaptation than others. These consumers were categorised as follows; 1. Innovators- brave consumers pulling the change and are very important communication mechanisms 2. Early adopters repectable people, opinion leaders, try out new ideas but in a careful way than innovators. 3. Early majority thoughtful people, careful but accept change more quickly than average people do 4. Late majority- sceptic people who will use new ideas and products only when the majority is using 5. Laggards traditional people who love to stick to the old ways and are critical about new ideas ad will only accept it if the new idea has become mainstream or even tradition. The research focus of diffusion has five elements which are; 1. characteristics of an innovation which may influence its adoption 2.decision making process that occurs when individuals consider to adopt a new idea, product or practice 3. characteristics of individuals that make them likely to adopt and innovation 4. consequences for individuals and society for adopting an innovation and 5. communication channels used in the adoption process (Kotler, 2010) According to this theory, the innovators and early majority comprise an estimated 15% of the population and are regarded as important as opinion leaders in the diffusion curve. Another important implication which this theory provides is that it is of no use of convincing the mass market in one go at the very beginning spending heavily on marketing and advertising. Thus the implication this provides for firms like Sole-Run is to establish the characteristics of the first two types of groups in other words, the innovators and the early adopters and to focus the marketing communication accordingly as according to this process there is always some consumers who would like to take risk and purchase the new products. This model shows the diffusion of new products as a chain reaction on influence between pioneering consumers and the mass market. 2.2. ADOPTION PROCESS MODEL The adoption model which is also called the AIETA model will help Sole-Run to identify the new product adoption process of consumers within the sports-fashion trainer market. This model suggests on how to help consumers move through the stages of purchasing especially new products. Adoption normally in this context applies to the new products. Kotler and Armstrong (2010) defined the adoption process as the mental process though which an individual passes from first learning about an innovation to final adoption. Consumers before purchasing new products will go through a five stage process which if successful will lead to adoption of products where adoption is the decision by an individual consumer to become a regular user of the product. 1. Attention also known as awareness is where the consumer becomes aware of the new product but lacks information about it. 2. Interest in this stage the consumer will seek information about the new product 3. Evaluation with the information the consumer received the consumer will consider whether or not to try the product 4. Trial here the consumer tries the product for the first time to improve the estimate of its value 5. Adoption finally the consumer decides to make full and regular use of the new product According to this model, adoption comes at the end of the process through which an individual consumer may go from initial awareness through to adoption at which point the consumer becomes a regular user of the product. Here, Sole-Run should identify the product characteristics that will affect the readiness of the targeted potential consumers to adopt the product in other words the unique characteristics of its sports-fashions trainers. The product characteristics would include relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, divisibility, and communicability. On the other hand the product characteristics would not include the other aspects of the marketing mix such as price and promotions though these may also affect the rate of consumer adoption. TASK 3- EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION TO INFLUENCE FIRST BUYERS It is essential that Sole-Run pleases the initial buyers of its trainers by providing right information with effective communication that will lead to make a purchase as they will in-turn influence many subsequent customers brand choices. This can be especially true among the targeted market of teenagers due to network externalities. 3.1. THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS Before purchasing a product, consumers generally go through a process called the decision making process which needs to be identified by Sole-Run in order to come up with a better communication strategy especially for the first time buyers as the decision making process can be influenced by the personal, social, cultural and psychological factors as well as by the marketing mix variables and situational factors. 1. Need recognition this is the first stage of the buyer decision process where the consumers recognise a need or identify a problem. This can be triggered by internal or external stimuli. 2. Search for information in this stage the consumer is aroused to search for more information where the consumers will tend to obtain information from various sources such as personal through family and friends, commercial advertisements, mass media, and experiential sources. 3. Evaluation of alternatives here the consumers will use information gathered to evaluate between alternative brands in among the chosen ones. 4. Purchase decision the consumers decisions about which brand to purchase will be made at theis stage. However, two factors can come in-between the purchase intention and the actual purchase decision. The first being the attitude of others such as friends and family, and the other being unexpected situational factors such as sudden economic downturns. 5. Post purchase evaluation the final stage of the buyer decision process in which consumers take further action after purchase based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. If the product is not up to the expected standards of the consumer than cognitive dissonance may occur. The decision making process shows that the buying process clearly starts long before the actual purchase and continues long after that where Sole-Run will need to focus on the entire buying process rather than focusing on just the purchasing decision when coming up with communication strategies to influence first time buyers. 3.2. THE DECISION MAKING UNIT On the other hand, many decisions consumers make had been either made for example in the case of youngsters or influenced by one or more parties. This is collectively known as the decision making unit which consist of 5 different roles of people consisting of an initiator, influencer, decider, financier, buyer and user. Initiators are those who initiate the idea of making the purchasing decision where influencers are the people who, because of their expertise, set the specification of what is to be bought. On the other hand, deciders are those who make the actual buying decision with financiers making the purchase, and buyers processing the purchase orders and users actually using the product bought. While there can be few people playing different roles in the buyer process as well as none among a particular consumer, it is essential that Sole-Run communicate the right information and provides the expected value to the consumers who are first time buyers. 3.3. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION As identified above the different kinds of information that are needed to influence the first time buyers as well as the people who will affect the purchasing decision of consumers, Sole-Run can adopt a intergrated marketing communication strategy where through different communication channels the company can effectively target each personnel involved in the decision making unit while providing the information for the decision making process of the targeted consumers. Thus, this marketing communication strategy will allow Sole-Run to have individual personalised and tailor made communication among the targeted consumer groups. TASK 4- CUSTOMER ATTRACTION AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY 4.1. DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH CUSTOMERS DEFECTING FROM ANOTHER BRAND TO THE SOLE-RUN BRAND Sole-Run should take into account the type of buying behaviour of its targeted market as this highly affects the marketing mix decisions. On the other hand the buyer behaviour differs greatly for different types of products and services. The psychological theories of buyer behaviour differentiate consumer behaviour emphasising the environment which is the behavioural approach and the consumer behaviour emphasising mental processes called as cognitive approach. Mainly, there are four types of buying behaviour based on a buyers involvement and the perceived differences among brands. 1. Complex buying is where the level of involvement is high with high degree of perceived difference among brands. While this behaviour is tend to be cognitive in nature the involvement arises from uncertainty of product quality, high price, and personal factors such as self image, value and needs. 2. Dissonance buying which high in involvement and low in perceived brand difference tends to be cognitive and behavioural in nature mainly associated with risky, infrequent and expensive purchasing. 3. Habitual buying has a low consumer involvement with little brand difference and less price sensitive. This tends to be more of behavioural. 4. Variety seeking which is more cognitive has a low involvement purchase but significant difference in brands. In this situation consumers, if curious about a new brand or dissatisfied with the product choice, will engage in switching to another brand easily. The differences of buyer behaviour will largely reflect on the information and communication needs of potential buyers and the best means, in each case, of meeting these needs with respect to communicated messages and media by Sole-Run. According to the types of buyer behaviour, it can be said that purchases with regards to sports-fashion wear tends to be more variety seeking where customer are highly attached to a brands perceived difference. Thus in order to get consumers using brands such as Nike or Adidas to purchase Sole-Run, the company should create a unique selling proposition targeting comfort of the trainers and positioning as a brand which provides the same comfort level as the premium brands but for a much low price. This can be done through means of proper marketing communication strategies which will help consumers differentiate the brand as opposed to competitor brands employing more cognitive approaches to its marketing and advertising. Hence, Sole-Run should also draw strategies to retain these customers by offering better service for the value. 4.2. RETRAINING CUSTOMERS THROUGH CUSTOMER LOYALTY After successfully attracting customers to purchase Sole-Runs sports-fashion trainers, the company should also then put efforts for retraining the customers with differentiated marketing strategies. Sole-Run can develop loyal customers if the company is able to successfully influence the variety seeking consumers in the market to purchase its brand and to become habitual buyers by positioning itself in the consumers mind through means of effective marketing communication as then the customers will addicted to buy trainers from the brand Sole-Run. This can be done through marketing strategies that passively communicates information as they watch television or surf the internet where unconscious advertising repetition will create familiarity, which often translates into a brand purchase when the consumer in deciding which brand to buy (Ali Gomez, 2009). As this is pure behavioural decision making, Sole-Run can focus its advertising on classical conditioning in which the potential buyers can identify the products by a single symbol repeatedly attached to it (Ali Gomez, 2009). Thus, this will not only help Sole-Run to increase sales from its loyal consumers but will also help to g ain market share in the largest market. In order to retrain its loyal customers Sole Run should mainly engage in customer relationship marketing as research has found that it is five times costlier to attract a new customer than maintaining an existing customer and loyal customers mean repeat purchases. Thus loyal customers are a powerful source of marketing the companys brand identity through recommendations and word of mouth especially within the target market of teenagers creating positive impact of the brand Sole-Run. Although relationship marketing does not correspond to a specific set of techniques it does emphasise the need to build a continuous, strong and mutually beneficial relationship between the buyers and Sole-Run which is maintained even in periods that any purchase is not in the process. Further, through loyalty marketing, Sole-Run can also increase customers life time value in the long run as it is said that especially teenagers purchase trainers to match their clothing and outfits and if they become habitual buyers of Sole-Run they will be stick to the brand throughout their life as a partner. CONCLUSION It was identified that although Sole-Run entered the sportswear market at a later stage, there is a high market potential in the sports-fashion trainers with the increase of purchase by teenagers and consumers with high disposable income. Hence it is recommended that in order to increase its market share in the highly competitive industry, Sole-Run should also target the sports-fashion trainers market with a right marketing and communication strategy. Given the research findings that consumers do not wish to pay premium prices for trainers, Sole-Run can position its trainers as providing the same comfort level the consumers expect for a lower price than of the market leaders. This will in-turn help Sole-Run not only to increase its sales in the trainers but also its overall market share in the industry by capturing the largest market in sportswear.

On Ayer and Sartre’s Philosophical Construct

At the onset of Ayer’s philosophical treatise, he clearly asserted that the absolute means of concluding the common philosophical disputes and cleavages is to elucidate the purpose of what is being asked, and then circumstantiate the property of philosophical enquiry through the utilization of logical constructs.Ayer defines logical construction as â€Å"if we can provide a definition in use showing how to get rid of a term ‘a’ in favor of other terms ‘b’, ‘c’, etc., then we may say that the thing supposedly referred to by ‘a’ is a logical construction out of the things referred to by ‘b’, ‘c’, etc. So, for example, tables are logical constructions out of sense-contents† (Ayer 3), which means that logical construction necessitates a referent of the object being perceive, thus metaphysical context is immaterial. Logical construction is the panacea for providing definitive definition for objects , which is also the ultimate task of philosophy.Logical construction for Ayer lays bare the foundation of proving the invalidity of metaphysics because the transcendent reality of such philosophy does not hold any truth at all, for intuition alone cannot suffice in concretizing that knowledge of it was deduced to man’s intuition and necessitated him to project the transcendent reality.This is a dismal argument for Ayer because it deems that every philosophical enquiry must start first on what the senses perceive. Thus in order for him to establish an argument that will lead to the elimination of metaphysics, as well as its other precepts such as intentionality, behavior and consciousness, Ayer intersperse logical construction in his treatise Language, Truth and Logic.For even if it is the case that the definition of a cardinal number as a class of classes similar to a given class is circular, and it is not possible to reduce mathematical notions to purely logical notions, it will still remain true that the propositions of mathematics are analytic propositions.They will form a special class of analytic propositions, containing special terms, but they will be none the less analytic for that. For the criterion of an analytic proposition is that its validity should follow simply from the definition of the terms contained in it, and this condition is fulfilled by the propositions of pure mathematics.[1]Ayer's counterarguments amount to an attempt to circumvent the intentionality of behavior by recourse to dispositions that can be defined as end-states of self-regulating systems.This is a modernized version of the old physicalist proposal to characterize motives not in terms of an intended meaning but as needs that we measure by organic states. Given this presupposition, we can describe the behavior to be analyzed without reference to the motive; the motive, which is also represented in observable behavior, can be understood as the initial condition in a lawf ul hypothesis and identified as the cause of the motivated behavior.I do not see, however, how the organic states, the needs, or the systemic conditions that represent end-states, thus the motives, are supposed to be describable at all on the level of social action without reference to transmitted meaning.Since, however, the description of motivated behavior itself also implies this meaning, that description cannot be given independently of motive. The proposed distinction between motive for behavior and motivated behavior itself remains problematic.[1] Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, p. 108.

Sex deformities at birth or at any other time

Sometimes, a boy may be born with small pennies (micropenis) or they may have the penis missing at all. My people have continuously referred to the sex organ to determine the sex of the child and therefore boy without penies may mistakably be taken as a girl. However, research has proved that there are may other factors that should be considered in determining the sex of a child.A boy may be born with micropennis or without a penies due to a number of defects including cloacal exstrophy which affects the bladder.   It may also b due to an accident at birth like a mishandled circumcision, which is normally referred to as ablation penis. The issue of concern around such cases is whether these children should be taken as a boy or a girl.The theory underlying ablation penies is that when a boy is born without a penies or loses penis as a result of circumcision, the child can be brought up as a girl and by the time they reach puberty, oestrogen can be introduced in her body to induce de velopment of female characteristics.   In this paper we are going to review one of study on ablation penis which was research by John Money in 1975.John/Joan caseThe 1975 study has been considered as a study of opportunity since the set involve twin brothers with one brother acting as control for the study.   The study was about John who penis had been distorted in a botched circumcision and was later reassigned as a female while his brother acted as the control for the study.In his work Money had encountered the two twins who had been born in 1960s. When they reached the age of 7months, the boys were recommended to undergo circumcision since they were developing phimosis, a condition which leads to narrowing of the opening of the foreskin. While undergoing circumcision, one of the boys, John was severely burned by an electrocautery knife in his pennies which was completely destroyed. (Money, 1975)This incident would affect the life of the boy in severe way. One of the psychiatr ist postulated that the boy would no be able to consummate marriage since he would be incapacitated to have a heterosexual relationship. This would severely affect his relationship with other people especially the fellow boys and therefore he will be forced to live apart from others. Something had to be done to change his course of life.When Money learned about the plight of the boy, he suggested to the parents that the boy to be reassigned as a grail. Money recommended that the boy should undergo a surgical process to create a female genitalia organ by removing the male penis and should be raise as a girl.   When the boy reached 17 months, surgeons removed his testes reshaping the scrotum like a vulva. Henceforth, John became Joan and was raised like a girl by his parents. John/Joan did not experience any trauma or suspicion. (Money, 1975)John Money, who had done extensive research on the hermaphroditic children, based his argument on that at birth infants are sexually neutral an d malleable for a window period which last from birth to about 18-24 months. It is during the window period that sexual identity is formed and fixed.   According to Money social imprinting and learning are the most important factors that affect psychosexual development. This assertion was inconsistent with many researches that had been done on acquisition of language.Therefore in this case John/Joan was the subject of study while his brother was the control. The twins were evaluated on regular bases at Hopkins. At puberty, Money reevaluated their psychosexual development and confirmed in his 1975 publication that John/Joan behavior confirmed her as a girls and no one would conjecture that Joan had been born as boy.   Joan behaviors were like that of a little girl and were remarkably different from that of her/his brother. (Money, 1975)Money publication was important in the field as is confirmed that plasticity could be used in gender as well.   This confirmed that an infant wh o had been born as an unambiguous male could be successfully reassigned as a female and henceforth grows as a normal girl. Money’s publication formed the basic practice for pediatricians taking care of infants with ambiguous genitalia. The study showed that genetic make and prenatal endocrinology does not have an effect in assignment of sex.However, a follow up of the study revealed that Joan had exhibited male behaviors contrary to Money’s publication. For example it was revealed that Joan stood up when urinating and she was rejecting by her girlfriends. She was alienated by other girls.Later exploration of the case or what had happened to Joan/John revealed the failure of the process. His twin brother revealed that John had never shown any feminine characteristics.When Joan reached fourteen years, psychiatrist advised his father to reveal the childhood ordeal when John told his mother that he would kill himself if he was taken to Hopkins to be administered with hormo nes. John request for mastectomy which was performed and he became a male again.   He has since then lived as a husband, father and a breadwinner for the family.ConclusionThe case of John/Joan reveals important factor that should be considered when refashioning infants with ambiguous genitalia.   Although this case had shown initial success, the later results which contradict the earlier findings assert that there must be a thorough assessment of sex reassignment before considering their success.These results show that contrary to what has been assumed, children usually observe the pattern of their sexes. Though Joan was supposed to live as a girl, her behaviors never changed and she exhibited male behaviors.ReferencesMoney, J. (1975): Ablatio penis: Normal male infant sex-reassignment as a girl. Archives of Sexual Behaviors, vol. 4: 65-71

The Golden Age of Islam essays

The Golden Age of Islam essays The rise of Islam ushered in an entirely new era for the people of the Arabian Peninsula as early as the 7th century CE.  Islam extended itself across the Middle East and then began its conquest of North Africa, reaching into Spain and Eastern Europe.   The 1200s saw Islam's spread into India as well as Southeast Asia.   The success and expansion of Islam throughout these times was founded on the power of the empire's military, the effectiveness of a common language, and the egalitarian practices of leaders regarding conquered peoples. Islamic armies possessed the ability to efficiently and quickly advance the territories of their empires by employing advanced ideas and tactics as well as their superior use of a militant cavalries made up of both horses and camels.   The leaders of these armies and empires treated conquered peoples with remarkable tolerance, once these people agreed to their authority, of course. In combination with this territorial expansion, intellectual e xpansion exploded. This time period is known as the Golden age of Islam and was focused on three main principles of language, trade, and education. In order to read the Quran, a devout Muslim would need to learn Arabic, the original language of the holy book. This religious requirement affected more than just the daily religious practices of Muslims, it aided in uniting the multifarious indigenous cultures within the empire of Islam. The spread of knowledge, technologies, and ideas was made possible by the use of this common language, effectively uniting the culture. Literacy is an important aspect of this transformation. Unifying faiths and languages alone, for all that, did not solely inspire the expansion of literacy and academics cultivated by the Golden Age of Islam, however. Because of expanded trade, the city of Samarkand, on the eastern border of the empire, brought in Chinese technology for making paper. All of a sudden, the time-intensive transforma...

10 Best Interior Design Schools in the US

10 Best Interior Design Schools in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips An education in interior design is getting more and more important for aspiring professionals in the field. In many states, you can’t call yourself an interior designer unless you have a license or a certain level of education. If you’re thinking about becoming an interior designer, you’ll want to know about the best interior design schools you can attend in the US. Whether you want to work on residential or commercial design, the following programs will prepare you well for your future career as an interior designer. But before we get to the rankings list, let's briefly go over what makes interior design programs unique. What's So Special About an Interior Design Program? Interior design schools teach a unique set of skills. These programs focus on the creative aspects of design, of course, but a good program also instills strong technical, business, and management skills in its students. If you attend a top interior design school, you'll learn the following: Client-facing skills, such as researching clients' goals and project requirements How to create 2D and 3D space plans How to select colors, materials, textures, and decor How to ensure space plans meet all public health, safety, and welfare requirements and codes How to prepare project budgets and schedules How to prepare construction documents How to collaborate with other professionals, such as architects and engineers How to oversee, manage, and supervise projects Some of these programs offer a Bachelor of Arts (BA), while others offer a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) or even a Bachelor of Science (BS). I'll talk more about the difference between these degrees at the end of this article. How Are These Interior Design Schools Ranked? To come up with a reliable list of the top 10 interior design schools, I aggregated common ranking lists from interior design industry experts (including DesignSchoolsHub and Design Intelligence). These lists compiled the rankings by surveying design professionals and asking which schools best prepare students' for a career in interior design. Note that the following programs aren’t listed in any particular order. If a school is on this list, it’ll give you a top-notch interior design education, regardless of the order it appears in. That said, I did separate the schools into two tiers based on their aggregate rankings. Keep in mind, though, that the most important consideration in choosing one of these schools is finding the one that best fits your own preferences and interests. Now then, let's get to our rankings of the best colleges for interior design! Best Interior Design Schools: Tier 1 These are the top-rated interior design schools, the cream of the crop. They're likely to be the most competitive of all interior design programs, so be cautious when putting together your applications- you don't only want to apply to schools with very low admissions rates! If you want more information about admissions statistics and requirements for any of these schools, just click their names. New York School of Interior Design - New York, NY Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: #5 by Design Intelligence, #4 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $350 enrollment fee plus $1060 per credit (16-17 credits per full-time semester) The New York School of Interior Design is the only school on this list that specializes solely in interior design education. It's also a top-ranked grad school for interior design, which indicates strong faculty, networking, and post-grad opportunities. Graduates of this institution have pretty great career prospects: 98% of students find jobs within six months of getting their degrees. If you aren't sure whether you want to commit to a full degree program, or if you don't yet feel prepared to apply to an interior design program, you can also enroll in one of the school's non-degree certificate programs to work on building up your portfolio. One of the best cities to be for any type of arts program. Parsons School of Design (The New School) - New York, NY Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: #4 by Design Intelligence, #5 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $25,230 per full-time semester The Parsons School of Design (one of five colleges at The New School) boasts some well-developed networks in commerce and industry, so this school might be a particularly good option for those who wish to pursue commercial design. If you're not sure what you want to focus on, however, you can still find your niche here: Parsons offers more than 35 undergraduate and graduate programs (their grad programs are top-ranked as well). This institution states that they put a special focus on collaborative work, meaning you'd have the opportunity to complete group projects, perhaps even with students who belong to different degree programs. As interior designers have to work with many types of professionals to finish a job, this type of collaboration will be vital in helping prepare you for a career in design. Pratt Institute - New York, NY Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: #2 by Design Intelligence, #2 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: Around $52,000 per year for full-time students If you're hoping to get a job directly after graduation, then you'll definitely want to check out the Pratt Institute. In 2015, 100% of graduates (who responded to the survey) found jobs within just seven months after graduation. Or if you'd rather continue your education with a grad degree, you'll be pleased to know that 100% of graduates in May 2014 who applied to grad school were accepted to at least one program. (Unfortunately, the school doesn't offer any data on the quality of programs students attended.) Like other schools on this list, the Pratt Institute boasts a top-rated graduate program for interior design. In this MFA program, you'll learn about topics such as sustainable practice, environmental quality, aesthetics, and changing technologies. Rhode Island School of Design - Providence, RI Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: #3 by Design Intelligence, #3 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $51,800 per year for full-time students One of the most famous and well-ranked arts and design schools in the US, RISD is located in the city of Providence, which has one of the highest concentrations of artists in the country. The interior design major is known as "interior studies" or "interior architecture" at RISD. RISD is particularly well-known for teaching students with practical instruction and coursework. If you're interested in eventually going to grad school, you should know that RISD also has a highly ranked grad program for interior design, through which you can earn an MA degree. Savannah College of Art and Design - Savannah, GA Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: #1 by Design Intelligence, #1 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $37,575 per year for full-time students SCAD is ranked highly across the board for all its art and design programs (not just interior design), ensuring you’ll have access to other artistic and creative resources on campus. While the main campus is located in Savannah, SCAD also has interior design programs in Atlanta and Hong Kong, as well as online. This array of program locations means that you will have more opportunities to land internships in metropolitan areas and even study abroad. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Architecture's not bad for a design school, right? Best Interior Design Schools: Tier 2 These schools are generally lower-ranked than Tier 1 schools, but they still offer pretty strong interior design programs and tend to show up toward the top of many ranking lists. Like with the Tier 1 schools, just click any school name to get more information about admissions statistics and requirements. Cornell University - Ithaca, NY Degrees Offered: BS Rankings: #7 by Design Intelligence, #8 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $37,880 per year for full-time in-state students; $56,550 per year for full-time out-of-state students Cornell is the only Ivy League school that offers an interior design program. This program has a special focus on the impact of design decisions on the environment. Drexel University - Philadelphia, PA Degrees Offered: BS Rankings: #14 by Design Intelligence, #10 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: Around $18,000 per full-time academic quarter Drexel's program in interior design combines the study of interior design with the study of art and art history. Students explore the behavioral aspects of interior design in addition to aesthetic aspects. Fashion Institute of Technology - New York, NY Degrees Offered: BFA Rankings: # by Design Intelligence, #7 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $3,435 per semester for full-time in-state students; $10,396 for full-time out-of-state students Although FIT is well known for its fashion design programs, it also boasts a strong interior design program. It's the largest program of its kind in NYC, with around 400 students. If you attend FIT, you'll have the opportunity to work with top professionals in the area, such as architects and interior/lighting/graphic designers. Syracuse University - Syracuse, NY Degrees Offered: BFA, BID (Bachelor of Industrial Design) Rankings: #22 by Design Intelligence, #9 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: $52,210 per year Syracuse offers a program called Environmental and Interior Design, which is a bit broader than most other programs on this list. At Syracuse, interior design students take studio courses in fine arts and crafts to supplement their main course of study. This program might be a good option for students who want to focus on design but also want parts of a more standard liberal arts experience. University of Cincinnati - Cincinnati, OH Degrees Offered: BS Rankings: #6 by Design Intelligence, #6 by Design Schools Hub Tuition: Not yet set for 2019 onwards as of this article's publication; we'll update as it becomes available The interior design program at UC's School of Architecture and Interior Design emphasizes the physical, psychological, and social needs of people at work and at leisure. The program is five years long- slightly longer than the standard four-year bachelor's degree program- and requires one and a half years of cooperative education experience. Furthermore, about 70% of graduates get jobs within three months of graduating. Let's talk about how to choose the interior design program that's best for you. Picking the Right Interior Design Program for You: 5 Factors Although there isn't a gigantic variety of interior design program choices out there, you still have to sift through a lot of information to pick a school that's right for you. Hopefully, this last has got you started on the right track. That said, there are other things to keep in mind before committing to a particular interior design school. Here are five key factors to consider. #1: Make Sure the School Is Accredited by the CIDA First, you'll want to check that the interior design school you're interested in is accredited by the Council for Interior Design Accreditation (CIDA). Any program that claims to prepare you for a career in interior design should be approved by this organization. All the schools on our list above are accredited by CIDA and state this fact very clearly on their websites. If you're not sure whether a particular school is accredited, contact its admissions office and ask. #2: Choose a School That Offers the Degree You Want Most interior design programs offer a BA or BFA, with some offering a BS. If you attend a BA program, you'll likely get more of a traditional liberal arts degree, meaning that the program strives to educate well-rounded artists and scholars. BS degrees, by contrast, are more strictly focused on their subject matter than BAs, so you'll take fewer general education courses. Finally, BFAs are professional degrees; you'll take some general education courses, but the main focus of the program will be helping you hone and focus your artistic talent and voice. #3: Decide Whether You Prefer a Flexible or Focused Program Some of the programs above offer plenty of room for students to explore their artistic and design interests, and boast dozens of degree options and specializations, whereas others are more focused and therefore might be better fits for students who already know what interests they want to pursue. Spend some time exploring the programs' websites to get a better feel for whether they're good fits for you. #4: Look for Portfolio Requirements You Can Meet As with any design or arts program, you'll have to submit a portfolio as part of the application process for any of the schools listed above. Some of these portfolio requirements might seem reasonable, while others might be tough to meet. Explore each program's portfolio requirements well ahead of any application deadlines. #5: Take Location Into Account Are there particular fields or specialties where you might have an advantage if you're living in a certain area? Also, think twice before applying to a school in an area you absolutely hate or are really unsure about. Once you consider these five factors, you'll be better able to choose an interior design program that's right for you. The better the fit, the more successful you're likely to be in school and your career! What's Next? Interested in design but don't know much about it? Start with our guide to the 7 principles of design. If you're planning on going to an interior design school, you'll likely need to create a portfolio of your best work. Learn more about how to make a great portfolio that will definitely impress your dream school. Once you're done putting together a list of schools to apply to, the next step should be figuring out how to pay for your education. Learn more about how to apply for financial aid, how to pay for school without loans, and how to get some of the top scholarships in the country. Thinking about going to an art school instead? Check out our guide to the best art schools in the US! Or, whet your appetite for art school with our short guide to contour line art. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Do harsh prison sentences deter reoffending for people convicted of Essay

Do harsh prison sentences deter reoffending for people convicted of drug related offenses - Essay Example ed researcher among those presenting estimates, Herbert Kleber, basically claimed that â€Å"if cocaine were legally available, as alcohol and nicotine are now, the number of cocaine abusers would probably rise to a point somewhere between the number of users of the other two agents, perhaps 20 to 25 million† (MacCoun & Reuter, 2001, 72). This study analyzes and reveals what is known about the effect of harsh prison sentences or the aggressive enforcement levels of drug prohibitions in contemporary America. This study makes two arguments. It is possible that harsh drug penalties could be significantly lessened without substantially escalating use and reoffending but also that legalization could result in considerable escalations in use and reoffending. The two arguments are not conflicting, nor is this study attempting to take up a guarded ‘neutral’ position. Significantly reduced user authorizations may have qualitatively diverse impacts than modifications in the legal position of drug production and sales. To a lot of people, it may appear apparent that reduction of harsh prison sentences or penalties would increase drug use and reoffending. But MacCoun (1993 as cited in MacCoun & Reuter, 2001) claimed that this may not be the case. Similar to the premises of this study, the article enumerated seven different processes by which drug penalties influence drug use and reoffending and analyzed the existing empirical and theoretical literature on each process. Most of these processes put off drug use and reoffending, but hardly any seem to really support it; they are among the numerous accidental outcomes of harsh drug penalties (MacCoun & Reuter, 2001). MacCoun (1993) asserted that lack of knowledge regarding the enormity of each these outcomes- in particular at the legal-illegal threshold—prevented any certain inferences about whether legalization would affect drug use and reoffending, much less the scale of any escalation. But from 1993 thereon, a number of

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example A marketing strategy is the means that the producer uses to focus and identify various ways he can influence the decision of his customers to purchase his products. The marketing concept to be used should satisfy consumer needs and help the producer to achieve in increasingly competitive markets. To achieve competitive advantage, in an increasingly competitive market place, the producer should establish an effective market strategy that will influence consumer wishes and win them into his side. Erich claims that the manufacturing of various products factors in behavior and wishes of buyers because the producer wishes to influence and change buyers’ interests in production. This statement raises ethical concerns about whether marketing is ethically professional; this is because producers aim to manipulate consumer behaviors in various ways of marketing. Producers manufacture consumer behavior in various ways for instance, through packaging. Producers package their products in a way to attract attention of the buyers to a certain brand, promote its image, and influence the perception of buyers about the brand2. Packaging can as well impart unique value to brands, and act as a differentiation tool – for instance, aid buyers select the brand from various same brands, stimulate buyers purchasing behavior. Producers use various packaging aspects such as packaging color, material, wrapper design, background image, creativity and printed information to tailor consumer wishes. Packaging color attracts buyers’ attention through its attractiveness, while packaging materials prevents brand loss as high quality materials attracts more buyers. For instance, some water production companies’ offers a clear packaging; in fact, these packaging uses pale blue bottles and a plastic seal at the middle of its lid. Apparently, use of pale blue on the bottle is an indication of water purity. Moreover, the packaging entails a vivid logo; for example, mountai ns, and brand names aimed at representing the nature of the product offered to consumers3. Packaging and branding information assist in the process of building brand reputation and customers’ appeal; in fact, it serves as an indication that the brand is fit for human health and consumption. They also indicate the quality, purity, and safety of the brand creating a strong competitive advantage over competitor brands. The design of the wrapper attracts consumer wishes, for instance, children prefer wrappers that are more sensitive. Therefore, packaging plays a critical function in marketing communication; thus, could be considered as a critical way of manufacturing consumer wishes to demand and buy product. Producers use their company reputation to tailor consumer wishes. Experts agree that every business, despite its competitiveness, trivial, or outsized, they chiefly rely on repute for triumph, survival, and customer satisfaction. Customers, personnel, vendors, financiers, co mmunication networks, and monitors may have an elemental outcome. They all have essential perceptions regarding other businesses they interrelate with on a daily basis. These perceptions extensively influence their decisions on their interests to purchase from, work with, and market or support these companies. Therefore, producers strove to offer an effectual, responsive customer service, which is vital to product promotion and